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The free energy principle (FEP) in the neurosciences stipulates that all viable agents induce and minimize informational free energy in the brain to fit their environmental niche. In this study, we continue our effort to make the FEP a more…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-01-25 Chang Sub Kim

Active inference is a normative framework for explaining behaviour under the free energy principle -- a theory of self-organisation originating in neuroscience. It specifies neuronal dynamics for state-estimation in terms of a descent on…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-10-26 Lancelot Da Costa , Thomas Parr , Biswa Sengupta , Karl Friston

This paper provides a concise description of the free energy principle, starting from a formulation of random dynamical systems in terms of a Langevin equation and ending with a Bayesian mechanics that can be read as a physics of sentience.…

In this PhD thesis, we explore and apply methods inspired by the free energy principle to two important areas in machine learning and neuroscience. The free energy principle is a general mathematical theory of the necessary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Beren Millidge

Organisms are nonequilibrium, stationary systems self-organized via spontaneous symmetry breaking and undergoing metabolic cycles with broken detailed balance in the environment. The thermodynamic free-energy principle describes an…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-11-24 Chang Sub Kim

The free energy principle, and its corollary active inference, constitute a bio-inspired theory that assumes biological agents act to remain in a restricted set of preferred states of the world, i.e., they minimize their free energy. Under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Pietro Mazzaglia , Tim Verbelen , Ozan Çatal , Bart Dhoedt

The concept of free energy has its origins in 19th century thermodynamics, but has recently found its way into the behavioral and neural sciences, where it has been promoted for its wide applicability and has even been suggested as a…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-12-08 Sebastian Gottwald , Daniel A. Braun

The brain is a biological system comprising nerve cells and orchestrates its embodied agent's perception, behavior, and learning in the dynamic environment. The free energy principle (FEP) advocated by Karl Friston explicates the local,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-07 Chang Sub Kim

How do organisms recognize their environment by acquiring knowledge about the world, and what actions do they take based on this knowledge? This article examines hypotheses about organisms' adaptation to the environment from machine…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-03-01 Hideaki Shimazaki

Active inference, a corollary of the free energy principle, is a formal way of describing the behavior of certain kinds of random dynamical systems that have the appearance of sentience. In this chapter, we describe how active inference…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-11 Noor Sajid , Lancelot Da Costa , Thomas Parr , Karl Friston

This thesis focuses on three fundamental aspects of biological systems; namely, entropy production, Bayesian mechanics, and the free-energy principle. The contributions are threefold: 1) We compute the entropy production for a greater class…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2024-10-16 Lancelot Da Costa

Attractor dynamics are a hallmark of many complex systems, including the brain. Understanding how such self-organizing dynamics emerge from first principles is crucial for advancing our understanding of neuronal computations and the design…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-22 Tamas Spisak , Karl Friston

Learning to take actions based on observations is a core requirement for artificial agents to be able to be successful and robust at their task. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a well-known technique for learning such policies. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-26 Ozan Çatal , Johannes Nauta , Tim Verbelen , Pieter Simoens , Bart Dhoedt

This article reviews how organisms learn and recognize the world through the dynamics of neural networks from the perspective of Bayesian inference, and introduces a view on how such dynamics is described by the laws for the entropy of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-06-24 Hideaki Shimazaki

Navigation in the natural world is a feat of adaptive inference, where biological organisms maintain goal-directed behaviour despite noisy and incomplete sensory streams. Central to this ability is the Free Energy Principle (FEP), which…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Maytus Piriyajitakonkij , Rishabh Dev Yadav , Mingfei Sun , Mengmi Zhang , Wei Pan

We develop a novel framework of bounded rationality under cognitive frictions that studies learning over optimal behavior through both deliberative reasoning and accumulated experiences. Using both types of information, agents engage in…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-03-28 Cosmin Ilut , Rosen Valchev

Despite their groundbreaking performance, autonomous agents can misbehave when training and environmental conditions become inconsistent, with minor mismatches leading to undesirable behaviors or even catastrophic failures. Robustness…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Allahkaram Shafiei , Hozefa Jesawada , Karl Friston , Giovanni Russo

This work combines the free energy principle from cognitive neuroscience and the ensuing active inference dynamics with recent advances in variational inference in deep generative models, and evolution strategies to introduce the "deep…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-10-24 Kai Ueltzhöffer

Recent advances in theoretical biology suggest that basal cognition and sentient behaviour are emergent properties of in vitro cell cultures and neuronal networks, respectively. Such neuronal networks spontaneously learn structured…

The 'free energy principle' (FEP) has been suggested to provide a unified theory of the brain, integrating data and theory relating to action, perception, and learning. The theory and implementation of the FEP combines insights from…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-05-26 Christopher L. Buckley , Chang Sub Kim , Simon McGregor , Anil K. Seth
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