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As part of work to connect phylogenetics with machine learning, there has been considerable recent interest in vector encodings of phylogenetic trees. We present a simple new "ordered leaf attachment" (OLA) method for uniquely encoding a…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-26 Harry Richman , Cheng Zhang , Frederick A. Matsen

An anytime decoding algorithm for tree codes using Monte-Carlo tree search is proposed. The meaning of anytime decoding here is twofold: 1) the decoding algorithm is an anytime algorithm, whose decoding performance improves as more…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Aolin Xu

We evaluate combinatorially certain connection coefficients of the symmetric group that count the number of factorizations of a long cycle as a product of three permutations. Such factorizations admit an important topological interpretation…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-03-17 Alejandro H. Morales , Ekaterina A. Vassilieva

We present an algorithmic mapping from permutations of length dn to labeled n-node d-ary trees and back again. Given such a bijection, one can interpret each of the factorials in the formula for the Catalan numbers as a count of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Bennet Vance

In 1989 Erd\H{o}s and Sz\'ekely showed that there is a bijection between (i) the set of rooted trees with $n+1$ vertices whose leaves are bijectively labeled with the elements of $[\ell]=\{1,2,\dots,\ell\}$ for some $\ell \leq n$, and (ii)…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Vincent Moulton , Andreas Spillner

We prove a new formula for the generating function of multitype Cayley trees counted according to their degree distribution. Using this formula we recover and extend several enumerative results about trees. In particular, we extend some…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-04-08 Olivier Bernardi , Alejandro H. Morales

We study tree-to-tree transformations that can be defined in first-order logic or monadic second-order logic. We prove a decomposition theorem, which shows that every transformation can be obtained from prime transformations, such as…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Mikołaj Bojańczyk , Amina Doumane

Avraham et al. [AFK+15] presented an alternative approach to parametric search, called \emph{bifurcation}, that performs faster under certain circumstances. Intuitively, when the underlying decider execution can be rolled back cheaply and…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Sariel Har-Peled

Rooted triples, rooted binary phylogenetic trees on three leaves, are sufficient to encode rooted binary phylogenetic trees. That is, if $\mathcal T$ and $\mathcal T'$ are rooted binary phylogenetic $X$-trees that infers the same set of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-12-07 Charles Semple , Gerry Toft

Recent work has proven the existence of extreme inbreeding in a European ancestry sample taken from the contemporary UK population \cite{nature_01}. This result brings our attention again to a math problem related to inbreeding family trees…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-09-08 C. Jarne , F A. Gómez Albarracín , M. Caruso

We provide a bijection between the set of factorizations, that is, ordered (n-1)-tuples of transpositions in ${\mathcal S}_{n}$ whose product is (12...n), and labelled trees on $n$ vertices. We prove a refinement of a theorem of D\'{e}nes…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-09-07 Ian Goulden , Alexander Yong

We introduce an efficient way, called Newton algorithm, to study arbitrary ideals in C[[x,y]], using a finite succession of Newton polygons. We codify most of the data of the algorithm in a useful combinatorial object, the Newton tree. For…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2014-02-26 Pierrette Cassou-Noguès , Willem Veys

In this paper, we give a decomposition of triply rooted trees into three doubly rooted trees. This leads to a combinatorial interpretation of an identity conjectured by Lacasse in the study of the PAC-Bayesian machine learning theory, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-01-01 William Y. C. Chen , Janet F. F. Peng , Harold R. L. Yang

Recognizing handwritten mathematics is a challenging classification problem, requiring simultaneous identification of all the symbols comprising an input as well as the complex two-dimensional relationships between symbols and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-09-19 Scott MacLean , George Labahn

This work addresses an enumeration problem on weighted bi-colored plane trees with prescribed vertex data, with all vertices labeled distinctly. We give a bijection proof of the enumeration formula originally due to Kochetkov, hence…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Sicheng Lu , Yi Song

Starting with an algorithm to turn lists into full trees which uses non-obvious invariants and partial functions, we progressively encode the invariants in the types of the data, removing most of the burden of a correctness proof. The…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-06-16 Guyslain Naves , Arnaud Spiwack

The enumeration of maps and the study of uniform random maps have been classical topics of combinatorics and statistical physics ever since the seminal work of Tutte in the sixties. Following the bijective approach initiated by Cori and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-06-29 Guillaume Chapuy , Michel Marcus , Gilles Schaeffer

Tree structures appear in many fields of the life sciences, including phylogenetics, developmental biology and nucleic acid structures. Trees can be used to represent RNA secondary structures, which directly relate to the function of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Pengyu Liu , Mariel Vázquez , Nataša Jonoska

We consider the well-studied pattern counting problem: given a permutation $\pi \in \mathbb{S}_n$ and an integer $k > 1$, count the number of order-isomorphic occurrences of every pattern $\tau \in \mathbb{S}_k$ in $\pi$. Our first result…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Gal Beniamini , Nir Lavee

This paper contains a classification of countable lower 1-transitive linear orders. The notion of lower 1-transitivity generalises that of 1-transitivity for linear orders, and is essential for the structure theory of 1-transitive trees.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-10-22 Silvia Barbina , Katie Chicot