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Website fingerprinting (WF) attacks, usually conducted with the help of a machine learning-based classifier, enable a network eavesdropper to pinpoint which web page a user is accessing through the inspection of traffic patterns. These…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Alexander Veicht , Cedric Renggli , Diogo Barradas

Tor is an anonymity network used by millions of people every day to evade censorship and protect their browsing activity from privacy threats such as mass surveillance. Unfortunately, Tor has been shown to be vulnerable to website…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Ethan Witwer

Tor, an onion-routing anonymity network, has been shown to be vulnerable to Website Fingerprinting (WF), which de-anonymizes web browsing by analyzing the unique characteristics of the encrypted network traffic. Although many defenses have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-25 Jiajun Gong , Wuqi Zhang , Charles Zhang , Tao Wang

Website Fingerprinting (WF) is considered a major threat to the anonymity of Tor users (and other anonymity systems). While state-of-the-art WF techniques have claimed high attack accuracies, e.g., by leveraging Deep Neural Networks (DNN),…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Alireza Bahramali , Ardavan Bozorgi , Amir Houmansadr

Website Fingerprinting (WF) attacks can effectively identify the websites visited by Tor clients via analyzing encrypted traffic patterns. Existing attacks focus on identifying different websites, but their accuracy dramatically decreases…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Xiyuan Zhao , Xinhao Deng , Qi Li , Yunpeng Liu , Zhuotao Liu , Kun Sun , Ke Xu

Website Fingerprinting (WF) is an effective tool for regulating and governing the dark web. However, its performance can be significantly degraded by backdoor poisoning attacks in practical deployments. This paper aims to address the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yali Yuan , Kai Xu , Ruolin Ma , Yuchen Zhang

Online anonymity and privacy has been based on confusing the adversary by creating indistinguishable network elements. Tor is the largest and most widely deployed anonymity system, designed against realistic modern adversaries. Recently,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-13 George Kadianakis , Theodoros Polyzos , Mike Perry , Kostas Chatzikokolakis

Protecting sensitive information from unauthorized disclosure is a major concern of every organization. As an organizations employees need to access such information in order to carry out their daily work, data leakage detection is both an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-02-11 Yuri Shapira , Bracha Shapira , Asaf Shabtai

Browser fingerprinting is an invasive and opaque stateless tracking technique. Browser vendors, academics, and standards bodies have long struggled to provide meaningful protections against browser fingerprinting that are both accurate and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-12 Umar Iqbal , Steven Englehardt , Zubair Shafiq

In webpage fingerprinting, an on-path adversary infers the specific webpage loaded by a victim user by analysing the patterns in the encrypted TLS traffic exchanged between the user's browser and the website's servers. This work studies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Vasilios Mavroudis , Jamie Hayes

Tor is a low-latency anonymous communication network that protects user privacy by encrypting website traffic. However, recent website fingerprinting (WF) attacks have shown that encrypted traffic can still leak users' visited websites by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yuhao Pan , Wenchao Xu , Fushuo Huo , Haozhao Wang , Xiucheng Wang , Nan Cheng

Website fingerprinting enables an eavesdropper to determine which websites a user is visiting over an encrypted connection. State-of-the-art website fingerprinting (WF) attacks have demonstrated effectiveness even against Tor-protected…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Xinhao Deng , Xiyuan Zhao , Qilei Yin , Zhuotao Liu , Qi Li , Mingwei Xu , Ke Xu , Jianping Wu

Recent work in traffic analysis has shown that traffic patterns leaked through side channels can be used to recover important semantic information. For instance, attackers can find out which website, or which page on a website, a user is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-09-02 Xun Gong , Negar Kiyavash , Nabíl Schear , Nikita Borisov

Website Fingerprinting (WFP) has traditionally focused on inferring which website a user visits from encrypted traffic metadata such as packet sizes and timing. In this paper, we identify and quantify a new privacy risk in modern web…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Chuxu Song , Hao Wang , Richard Martin

Website fingerprinting (WF) attacks, which covertly monitor user communications to identify the web pages they visit, pose a serious threat to user privacy. Existing WF defenses attempt to reduce attack accuracy by disrupting traffic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Siyuan Liang , Jiajun Gong , Tianmeng Fang , Aishan Liu , Tao Wang , Xiaochun Cao , Dacheng Tao , Ee-Chien Chang

Users' website browsing history contains sensitive information, like health conditions, political interests, financial situations, etc. Some recent studies have demonstrated the possibility of inferring website fingerprints based on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Han Wang

Recent studies have shown that Tor onion (hidden) service websites are particularly vulnerable to website fingerprinting attacks due to their limited number and sensitive nature. In this work we present a multi-level feature analysis of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-09-22 Rebekah Overdorf , Marc Juarez , Gunes Acar , Rachel Greenstadt , Claudia Diaz

Tor is one of the most well-known networks that protects the identity of both content providers and their clients against any tracking or tracing on the Internet. So far, most research attention has been focused on investigating the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Mahdieh Zabihimayvan , Derek Doran

Privacy of users in P2P networks goes far beyond their current usage and is a fundamental requirement to the adoption of P2P protocols for legal usage. In a climate of cold war between these users and anti-piracy groups, more and more users…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2010-04-12 Pere Manils , Chaabane Abdelberri , Stevens Le Blond , Mohamed Ali Kaafar , Claude Castelluccia , Arnaud Legout , Walid Dabbous

Although the security benefits of domain name encryption technologies such as DNS over TLS (DoT), DNS over HTTPS (DoH), and Encrypted Client Hello (ECH) are clear, their positive impact on user privacy is weakened by--the still exposed--IP…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Nguyen Phong Hoang , Arian Akhavan Niaki , Phillipa Gill , Michalis Polychronakis