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Early Spectra of the Gravitational Wave Source GW170817: Evolution of a Neutron Star Merger

On 2017 August 17, Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a) was discovered as the optical counterpart of the binary neutron star gravitational wave event GW170817. We report time-series spectroscopy of SSS17a from 11.75 hours until 8.5 days…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-02-07 B. J. Shappee , J. D. Simon , M. R. Drout , A. L. Piro , N. Morrell , J. L. Prieto , D. Kasen , T. W. -S. Holoien , J. A. Kollmeier , D. D. Kelson , D. A. Coulter , R. J. Foley , C. D. Kilpatrick , M. R. Siebert , B. F. Madore , A. Murguia-Berthier , Y. -C. Pan , J. X. Prochaska , E. Ramirez-Ruiz , A. Rest , C. Adams , K. Alatalo , E. Banados , J. Baughman , R. A. Bernstein , T. Bitsakis , K. Boutsia , J. R. Bravo , F. Di Mille , C. R. Higgs , A. P. Ji , G. Maravelias , J. L. Marshall , V. M. Placco , G. Prieto , Z. Wan

Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a), the Optical Counterpart to a Gravitational Wave Source

On 2017 August 17, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and the Virgo interferometer detected gravitational waves emanating from a binary neutron star merger, GW170817. Nearly simultaneously, the Fermi and INTEGRAL…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-10-17 D. A. Coulter , R. J. Foley , C. D. Kilpatrick , M. R. Drout , A. L. Piro , B. J. Shappee , M. R. Siebert , J. D. Simon , N. Ulloa , D. Kasen , B. F. Madore , A. Murguia-Berthier , Y. -C. Pan , J. X. Prochaska , E. Ramirez-Ruiz , A. Rest , C. Rojas-Bravo

Electromagnetic Evidence that SSS17a is the Result of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

11 hours after the detection of gravitational wave source GW170817 by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory and Virgo Interferometers, an associated optical transient SSS17a was discovered in the galaxy NGC 4993. While the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-10-17 Charles D. Kilpatrick , Ryan J. Foley , Daniel Kasen , Ariadna Murguia-Berthier , Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz , David A. Coulter , Maria R. Drout , Anthony L. Piro , Benjamin J. Shappee , Konstantina Boutsia , Carlos Contreras , Francesco Di Mille , Barry F. Madore , Nidia Morrell , Yen-Chen Pan , J. Xavier Prochaska , Armin Rest , César Rojas-Bravo , Matthew R. Siebert , Joshua D. Simon , Natalie Ulloa

J-GEM observations of an electromagnetic counterpart to the neutron star merger GW170817

The first detected gravitational wave from a neutron star merger was GW170817. In this study, we present J-GEM follow-up observations of SSS17a, an electromagnetic counterpart of GW170817. SSS17a shows a 2.5-mag decline in the $z$-band from…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-10-17 Yousuke Utsumi , Masaomi Tanaka , Nozomu Tominaga , Michitoshi Yoshida , Sudhanshu Barway , Takahiro Nagayama , Tetsuya Zenko , Kentaro Aoki , Takuya Fujiyoshi , Hisanori Furusawa , Koji S. Kawabata , Shintaro Koshida , Chien-Hsiu Lee , Tomoki Morokuma , Kentaro Motohara , Fumiaki Nakata , Ryou Ohsawa , Kouji Ohta , Hirofumi Okita , Akito Tajitsu , Ichi Tanaka , Tsuyoshi Terai , Naoki Yasuda , Fumio Abe , Yuichiro Asakura , Ian A. Bond , Shota Miyazaki , Takahiro Sumi , Paul J. Tristram , Satoshi Honda , Ryosuke Itoh , Yoichi Itoh , Miho Kawabata , Kumiko Morihana , Hiroki Nagashima , Tatsuya Nakaoka , Tomohito Ohshima , Jun Takahashi , Masaki Takayama , Wako Aoki , Stefan Baar , Mamoru Doi , François Finet , Nobuyuki Kanda , Nobuyuki Kawai , Ji Hoon Kim , Daisuke Kuroda , Wei Liu , Kazuya Matsubayashi , Katsuhiro L. Murata , Hiroshi Nagai , Tomoki Saito , Yoshihiko Saito , Shigeyuki Sako , Yuichiro Sekiguchi , Yoichi Tamura , Masayuki Tanaka , Makoto Uemura , Masaki S. Yamaguchi , the J-GEM collaboration

Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-10-25 LIGO Scientific Collaboration , Virgo Collaboration , Fermi GBM , INTEGRAL , IceCube Collaboration , AstroSat Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager Team , IPN Collaboration , The Insight-Hxmt Collaboration , ANTARES Collaboration , The Swift Collaboration , AGILE Team , The 1M2H Team , The Dark Energy Camera GW-EM Collaboration , the DES Collaboration , The DLT40 Collaboration , GRAWITA , : , GRAvitational Wave Inaf TeAm , The Fermi Large Area Telescope Collaboration , ATCA , : , Australia Telescope Compact Array , ASKAP , : , Australian SKA Pathfinder , Las Cumbres Observatory Group , OzGrav , DWF , AST3 , CAASTRO Collaborations , The VINROUGE Collaboration , MASTER Collaboration , J-GEM , GROWTH , JAGWAR , Caltech- NRAO , TTU-NRAO , NuSTAR Collaborations , Pan-STARRS , The MAXI Team , TZAC Consortium , KU Collaboration , Nordic Optical Telescope , ePESSTO , GROND , Texas Tech University , SALT Group , TOROS , : , Transient Robotic Observatory of the South Collaboration , The BOOTES Collaboration , MWA , : , Murchison Widefield Array , The CALET Collaboration , IKI-GW Follow-up Collaboration , H. E. S. S. Collaboration , LOFAR Collaboration , LWA , : , Long Wavelength Array , HAWC Collaboration , The Pierre Auger Collaboration , ALMA Collaboration , Euro VLBI Team , Pi of the Sky Collaboration , The Chandra Team at McGill University , DFN , : , Desert Fireball Network , ATLAS , High Time Resolution Universe Survey , RIMAS , RATIR , SKA South Africa/MeerKAT

Light Curves of the Neutron Star Merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for R-Process Nucleosynthesis

On 2017 August 17, gravitational waves were detected from a binary neutron star merger, GW170817, along with a coincident short gamma-ray burst, GRB170817A. An optical transient source, Swope Supernova Survey 17a (SSS17a), was subsequently…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-10-17 M. R. Drout , A. L. Piro , B. J. Shappee , C. D. Kilpatrick , J. D. Simon , C. Contreras , D. A. Coulter , R. J. Foley , M. R. Siebert , N. Morrell , K. Boutsia , F. Di Mille , T. W. -S. Holoien , D. Kasen , J. A. Kollmeier , B. F. Madore , A. J. Monson , A. Murguia-Berthier , Y. -C. Pan , J. X. Prochaska , E. Ramirez-Ruiz , A. Rest , C. Adams , K. Alatalo , E. Bañados , J. Baughman , T. C. Beers , R. A. Bernstein , T. Bitsakis , A. Campillay , T. T. Hansen , C. R. Higgs , A. P. Ji , G. Maravelias , J. L. Marshall , C. Moni Bidin , J. L. Prieto , K. C. Rasmussen , C. Rojas-Bravo , A. L. Strom , N. Ulloa , J. Vargas-González , Z. Wan , D. D. Whitten

Evidence for Cocoon Emission from the Early Light Curve of SSS17a

Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a) was discovered as the first optical counterpart to the gravitational wave event GW170817. Although its light curve on the timescale of weeks roughly matches the expected luminosity and red color of an…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-03-28 Anthony L. Piro , Juna A. Kollmeier

Follow up of GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterpart by Australian-led observing programs

The discovery of the first electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational wave signal has generated follow-up observations by over 50 facilities world-wide, ushering in the new era of multi-messenger astronomy. In this paper, we present…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-12-27 I. Andreoni , K. Ackley , J. Cooke , A. Acharyya , J. R. Allison , G. E. Anderson , M. C. B. Ashley , D. Baade , M. Bailes , K. Bannister , A. Beardsley , M. S. Bessell , F. Bian , P. A. Bland , M. Boer , T. Booler , A. Brandeker , I. S. Brown , D. Buckley , S. -W. Chang , D. M. Coward , S. Crawford , H. Crisp , B. Crosse , A. Cucchiara , M. Cupák , J. S. de Gois , A. Deller , H. A. R. Devillepoix , D. Dobie , E. Elmer , D. Emrich , W. Farah , T. J. Farrell , T. Franzen , B. M. Gaensler , D. K. Galloway , B. Gendre , T. Giblin , A. Goobar , J. Green , P. J. Hancock , B. A. D. Hartig , E. J. Howell , L. Horsley , A. Hotan , R. M. Howie , L. Hu , Y. Hu , C. W. James , S. Johnston , M. Johnston-Hollitt , D. L. Kaplan , M. Kasliwal , E. F. Keane , D. Kenney , A. Klotz , R. Lau , R. Laugier , E. Lenc , X. Li , E. Liang , C. Lidman , L. C. Luvaul , C. Lynch , B. Ma , D. Macpherson , J. Mao , D. E. McClelland , C. McCully , A. Möller , M. F. Morales , D. Morris , T. Murphy , K. Noysena , C. A. Onken , N. B. Orange , S. Oslowski , D. Pallot , J. Paxman , S. B. Potter , T. Pritchard , W. Raja , R. Ridden-Harper , E. Romero-Colmenero , E. M. Sadler , E. K. Sansom , R. A. Scalzo , B. P. Schmidt , S. M. Scott , N. Seghouani , Z. Shang , R. M. Shannon , L. Shao , M. M. Shara , R. Sharp , M. Sokolowski , J. Sollerman , J. Staff , K. Steele , T. Sun , N. B. Suntzeff , C. Tao , S. Tingay , M. C. Towner , P. Thierry , C. Trott , B. E. Tucker , P. Väisänen , V. Venkatraman Krishnan , M. Walker , L. Wang , X. Wang , R. Wayth , M. Whiting , A. Williams , T. Williams , C. Wolf , C. Wu , X. Wu , J. Yang , X. Yuan , H. Zhang , J. Zhou , H. Zovaro

The discovery of the electromagnetic counterpart of GW170817: kilonova AT 2017gfo/DLT17ck

During the second observing run of the Laser Interferometer gravitational- wave Observatory (LIGO) and Virgo Interferometer, a gravitational-wave signal consistent with a binary neutron star coalescence was detected on 2017 August 17th…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-10-17 Stefano Valenti , David J. Sand , Sheng Yang , Enrico Cappellaro , Leonardo Tartaglia , Alessandra Corsi , Saurabh W. Jha , Daniel E. Reichart , Joshua Haislip , Vladimir Kouprianov

A comparison between SALT/SAAO observations and kilonova models for AT 2017gfo: the first electromagnetic counterpart of a gravitational wave transient - GW170817

We report on SALT low resolution optical spectroscopy and optical/IR photometry undertaken with other SAAO telescopes (MASTER-SAAO and IRSF) of the kilonova AT 2017gfo (aka SSS17a) in the galaxy NGC4993 during the first 10 days of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-04-01 David A. H. Buckley , Igor Andreoni , Sudhanshu Barway , Jeff Cooke , Steven M. Crawford , Evgeny Gorbovskoy , Mariusz Gromadzki , Vladimir Lipunov , Jirong Mao , Stephen B. Potter , Magaretha L. Pretorius , Tyler A. Pritchard , Encarni Romero-Colmenero , Michael M. Shara , Petri Vaisanen , Ted B. Williams

PS15cey and PS17cke: prospective candidates from the Pan-STARRS Search for Kilonovae

Time domain astronomy was revolutionised with the discovery of the first kilonova, AT2017gfo, in August 2017 which was associated with the gravitational wave signal GW170817. Since this event, numerous wide-field surveys have been…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-11-25 Owen R. McBrien , Stephen J. Smartt , Mark E. Huber , Armin Rest , Ken C. Chambers , Claudio Barbieri , Mattia Bulla , Saurabh Jha , Mariusz Gromadzki , Shubham Srivastav , Ken W. Smith , David R. Young , Shaun McLaughlin , Cosimo Inserra , Matt Nicholl , Morgan Fraser , Kate Maguire , Ting-Wan Chen , Thomas Wevers , Joseph P. Anderson , Tomás E. Müller-Bravo , Felipe Olivares E. , Erkki Kankare , Avishay Gal-Yam , Christopher Waters

AT2025ulz and S250818k: Investigating early time observations of a subsolar mass gravitational-wave binary neutron star merger candidate

Over the past LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA (LVK) observing runs, it has become increasingly clear that identifying the next electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational-wave (GW) neutron star mergers will likely be more challenging compared to the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-10-29 Xander J. Hall , Malte Busmann , Hauke Koehn , Keerthi Kunnumkai , Antonella Palmese , Brendan O'Connor , James Freeburn , Lei Hu , Daniel Gruen , Tim Dietrich , Mattia Bulla , Michael W. Coughlin , Sarah Antier , Marion Pillas , Paul A. Price , Tomás Ahumada , Ariel Amsellem , Igor Andreoni , Jule Augustin , Tom'as Cabrera , Rasika Deshpande , Jennifer Fabà-Moreno , Julius Gassert , Sergey Karpov , Mansi Kasliwal , Ignacio Magaña Hernandez , Rachel Mandelbaum , Felipe Fontinele Nunes , Peter T. H. Pang , Julian Sommer , Robert Stein , Constantin Tabor , Pablo Vega , Thibeau Wouters , Xiaoxiong Zuo

Panning for gold, but finding helium: discovery of the ultra-stripped supernova SN2019wxt from gravitational-wave follow-up observations

We present the results from multi-wavelength observations of a transient discovered during the follow-up of S191213g, a gravitational wave (GW) event reported by the LIGO-Virgo Collaboration as a possible binary neutron star merger in a low…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-07-26 I. Agudo , L. Amati , T. An , F. E. Bauer , S. Benetti , M. G. Bernardini , R. Beswick , K. Bhirombhakdi , T. de Boer , M. Branchesi , S. J. Brennan , M. D. Caballero-García , E. Cappellaro , N. Castro Rodríguez , A. J. Castro-Tirado , K. C. Chambers , E. Chassande-Mottin , S. Chaty , T. -W. Chen , A. Coleiro , S. Covino , F. D'Ammando , P. D'Avanzo , V. D'Elia , A. Fiore , A. Flörs , M. Fraser , S. Frey , C. Frohmaier , L. Galbany , C. Gall , H. Gao , J. García-Rojas , G. Ghirlanda , S. Giarratana , J. H. Gillanders , M. Giroletti , B. P. Gompertz , M. Gromadzki , K. E. Heintz , Y. -D. Hu , M. E. Huber , A. Inkenhaag , L. Izzo , Z. P. Jin , P. G. Jonker , D. A. Kann , E. C. Kool , R. Kotak , G. Leloudas , A. J. Levan , C. -C. Lin , J. D. Lyman , E. A. Magnier , K. Maguire , I. Mandel , B. Marcote , D. Mata Sánchez , S. Mattila , A. Melandri , M. J. Michałowski , J. Moldon , M. Nicholl , A. Nicuesa Guelbenzu , S. R. Oates , F. Onori , M. Orienti , R. Paladino , Z. Paragi , M. Perez-Torres , E. Pian , G. Pignata , S. Piranomonte , J. Quirola-Vásquez , F. Ragosta , A. Rau , S. Ronchini , A. Rossi , R. Sánchez-Ramírez , O. S. Salafia , S. Schulze , S. J. Smartt , K. W. Smith , J. Sollerman , S. Srivastav , R. L. C. Starling , D. Steeghs , H. F. Stevance , V. Testa , M. A. P. Torres , S. D. Vergani , D. Vescovi , R. Wainscost , D. Watson , K. Wiersema , Ł. Wyrzykowski , J. Yang , S. Yang , D. R. Young

GW170817 4.5 years after merger: Dynamical ejecta afterglow constraints

GW170817 is the first binary neutron star (NS) merger detected in gravitational waves (GWs) and photons, and so far remains the only GW event of its class with a definitive electromagnetic (EM) counterpart. Radio emission from the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-10-13 Arvind Balasubramanian , Alessandra Corsi , Kunal P. Mooley , Kenta Hotokezaka , David L. Kaplan , Dale A. Frail , Gregg Hallinan , Davide Lazzati , Eric J. Murphy

The Rapid Reddening and Featureless Optical Spectra of the optical counterpart of GW170817, AT 2017gfo, During the First Four Days

We present the spectroscopic evolution of AT 2017gfo, the optical counterpart of the first binary neutron star (BNS) merger detected by LIGO and Virgo, GW170817. While models have long predicted that a BNS merger could produce a kilonova…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-10-17 Curtis McCully , Daichi Hiramatsu , D. Andrew Howell , Griffin Hosseinzadeh , Iair Arcavi , Daniel Kasen , Jennifer Barnes , Michael M. Shara , Ted B. Williams , Petri Väisänen , Stephen B. Potter , Encarni Romero-Colmenero , Steven M. Crawford , David A. H. Buckley , Jeffery Cooke , Igor Andreoni , Tyler A. Pritchard , Jirong Mao , Mariusz Gromadzki , Jamison Burke

Follow-up of the Neutron Star Bearing Gravitational Wave Candidate Events S190425z and S190426c with MMT and SOAR

On 2019 April 25.346 and 26.640 UT the LIGO and Virgo gravitational wave (GW) observatories announced the detection of the first candidate events in Observing Run 3 that contain at least one neutron star. S190425z is a likely binary neutron…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-07-22 G. Hosseinzadeh , P. S. Cowperthwaite , S. Gomez , V. A. Villar , M. Nicholl , R. Margutti , E. Berger , R. Chornock , K. Paterson , W. Fong , V. Savchenko , P. Short , K. D. Alexander , P. K. Blanchard , J. Braga , M. L. Calkins , R. Cartier , D. L. Coppejans , T. Eftekhari , T. Laskar , C. Ly , L. Patton , I. Pelisoli , D. Reichart , G. Terreran , P. K. G. Williams

Echoes from the Abyss: A highly spinning black hole remnant for the binary neutron star merger GW170817

The first direct observation of a binary neutron star (BNS) merger was a watershed moment in multi-messenger astronomy. However, gravitational waves from GW170817 have only been observed prior to the BNS merger, but electromagnetic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-01-07 Jahed Abedi , Niayesh Afshordi

Optimized Radio Follow Up of Binary Neutron-Star Mergers

Motivated by the recent discovery of the binary neutron-star (BNS) merger GW170817, we determine the optimal observational setup for detecting and characterizing radio counterparts of nearby ($d_L\sim40$\,Mpc) BNS mergers. We simulate…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-11-28 Dario Carbone , Alessandra Corsi

Radiative transfer simulation for the optical and near-infrared electromagnetic counterparts to GW170817

Recent detection of gravitational waves from a binary-neutron star merger (GW170817) and the subsequent observations of electromagnetic counterparts provide a great opportunity to study the physics of compact binary mergers. The optical and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-10-10 Kyohei Kawaguchi , Masaru Shibata , Masaomi Tanaka

Probing the magnetic field in the GW170817 outflow using H.E.S.S. observations

The detection of the first electromagnetic counterpart to the binary neutron star (BNS) merger remnant GW170817 established the connection between short $\gamma$-ray bursts and BNS mergers. It also confirmed the forging of heavy elements in…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-05-19 H. E. S. S. Collaboration , : , H. Abdalla , R. Adam , F. Aharonian , F. Ait Benkhali , E. O. Angüner , M. Arakawa , C. Arcaro , C. Armand , T. Armstrong , H. Ashkar , M. Backes , V. Baghmanyan , V. Barbosa-Martins , A. Barnacka , M. Barnard , Y. Becherini , D. Berge , K. Bernlöhr , R. Blackwell , M. Böttcher , C. Boisson , J. Bolmont , S. Bonnefoy , J. Bregeon , M. Breuhaus , F. Brun , P. Brun , M. Bryan , M. Büchele , T. Bulik , T. Bylund , S. Caroff , A. Carosi , S. Casanova , M. Cerruti , T. Chand , S. Chandra , A. Chen , G. Cotter , M. Curyło , I. D. Davids , J. Davies , C. Deil , J. Devin , P. deWilt , L. Dirson , A. Djannati-Ataï , A. Dmytriiev , A. Donath , V. Doroshenko , J. Dyks , K. Egberts , F. Eichhorn , G. Emery , J. -P. Ernenwein , S. Eschbach , K. Feijen , S. Fegan , A. Fiasson , G. Fontaine , S. Funk , M. Füßling , S. Gabici , Y. A. Gallant , G. Giavitto , L. Giunti , D. Glawion , J. F. Glicenstein , D. Gottschall , M. -H. Grondin , J. Hahn , M. Haupt , G. Heinzelmann , G. Hermann , J. A. Hinton , W. Hofmann , C. Hoischen , T. L. Holch , M. Holler , M. Hörbe , D. Horns , D. Huber , H. Iwasaki , M. Jamrozy , D. Jankowsky , F. Jankowsky , A. Jardin-Blicq , V. Joshi , I. Jung-Richardt , M. A. Kastendieck , K. Katarzyński , M. Katsuragawa , U. Katz , D. Khangulyan , B. Khélifi , S. Klepser , W. Kluźniak , Nu. Komin , R. Konno , K. Kosack , D. Kostunin , M. Kreter , G. Lamanna , A. Lemière , M. Lemoine-Goumard , J. -P. Lenain , E. Leser , C. Levy , T. Lohse , I. Lypova , J. Mackey , J. Majumdar , D. Malyshev , D. Malyshev , V. Marandon , P. Marchegiani , A. Marcowith , A. Mares , G. Martí-Devesa , R. Marx , G. Maurin , P. J. Meintjes , R. Moderski , M. Mohamed , L. Mohrmann , C. Moore , P. Morris , E. Moulin , J. Muller , T. Murach , S. Nakashima , K. Nakashima , M. de Naurois , H. Ndiyavala , F. Niederwanger , J. Niemiec , L. Oakes , P. O'Brien , H. Odaka , S. Ohm , E. de Ona Wilhelmi , M. Ostrowski , M. Panter , R. D. Parsons , B. Peyaud , Q. Piel , S. Pita , V. Poireau , A. Priyana Noel , D. A. Prokhorov , H. Prokoph , G. Pühlhofer , M. Punch , A. Quirrenbach , S. Raab , R. Rauth , A. Reimer , O. Reimer , Q. Remy , M. Renaud , F. Rieger , L. Rinchiuso , C. Romoli , G. Rowell , B. Rudak , E. Ruiz-Velasco , V. Sahakian , S. Sailer , S. Saito , D. A. Sanchez , A. Santangelo , M. Sasaki , M. Scalici , R. Schlickeiser , F. Schüssler , A. Schulz , H. Schutte , U. Schwanke , S. Schwemmer , M. Seglar-Arroyo , M. Senniappan , A. S. Seyffert , N. Shafi , K. Shiningayamwe , R. Simoni , A. Sinha , H. Sol , A. Specovius , S. Spencer , M. Spir-Jacob , Ł. Stawarz , R. Steenkamp , C. Stegmann , C. Steppa , T. Takahashi , T. Tavernier , A. M. Taylor , R. Terrier , D. Tiziani , M. Tluczykont , L. Tomankova , C. Trichard , M. Tsirou , N. Tsuji , R. Tuffs , Y. Uchiyama , D. J. van der Walt , C. van Eldik , C. van Rensburg , B. van Soelen , G. Vasileiadis , J. Veh , C. Venter , P. Vincent , J. Vink , H. J. Völk , T. Vuillaume , Z. Wadiasingh , S. J. Wagner , J. Watson , F. Werner , R. White , A. Wierzcholska , R. Yang , H. Yoneda , M. Zacharias , R. Zanin , A. A. Zdziarski , A. Zech , J. Zorn , N. Zywucka , X. Rodrigues