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We propose a novel method to detect and visualize malware through image classification. The executable binaries are represented as grayscale images obtained from the count of N-grams (N=2) of bytes in the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Tajuddin Manhar Mohammed , Lakshmanan Nataraj , Satish Chikkagoudar , Shivkumar Chandrasekaran , B. S. Manjunath

Millions of new pieces of malicious software (i.e., malware) are introduced each year. This poses significant challenges for antivirus vendors, who use machine learning to detect and analyze malware, and must keep up with changes in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Mohammad Saidur Rahman , Scott Coull , Qi Yu , Matthew Wright

It is well known that anti-malware scanners depend on malware signatures to identify malware. However, even minor modifications to malware code structure results in a change in the malware signature thus enabling the variant to evade…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ritwik Murali , C Shunmuga Velayutham

The short note presents an image classification dataset consisting of 10 executable code varieties and approximately 50,000 virus examples. The malicious classes include 9 families of computer viruses and one benign set. The image…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-02 David Noever , Samantha E. Miller Noever

Malware distribution to the victim network is commonly performed through file attachments in phishing email or from the internet, when the victim interacts with the source of infection. To detect and prevent the malware distribution in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Rajasekhar Chaganti , Vinayakumar Ravi , Mamoun Alazab , Tuan D. Pham

During the last decades, the problem of malicious and unwanted software (malware) has surged in numbers and sophistication. Malware plays a key role in most of today's cyber attacks and has consolidated as a commodity in the underground…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Alejandro Calleja , Juan Tapiador , Juan Caballero

The number of malicious software (malware) is growing out of control. Syntactic signature based detection cannot cope with such growth and manual construction of malware signature databases needs to be replaced by computer learning based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-12-18 Hugo Daniel Macedo , Tayssir Touili

Malware family classification aims to identify the specific family (e.g., GuLoader or BitRAT) a malware sample may belong to, in contrast to malware detection or sample classification, which only predicts a Yes/No outcome. Accurate family…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yufan Chen , Daoyuan Wu , Juantao Zhong , Zicheng Zhang , Debin Gao , Shuai Wang , Yingjiu Li , Ning Liu , Jiachi Chen , Rocky K. C. Chang

As the smartphone market leader, Android has been a prominent target for malware attacks. The number of malicious applications (apps) identified for it has increased continually over the past decade, creating an immense challenge for all…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Masoud Mehrabi Koushki , Ibrahim AbuAlhaol , Anandharaju Durai Raju , Yang Zhou , Ronnie Salvador Giagone , Huang Shengqiang

Recent advances in anti-malware technologies have steered the security industry away from maintaining vast signature databases and into newer defence technologies such as behaviour blocking, application whitelisting and others. Most would…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-11-11 D. Iliopoulos , C. Adami , P. Szor

Malware change day by day and become sophisticated. Not only the complexity of the algorithm that generating malware, but also the camouflage methods. Camouflage, formerly, only need a simple encryption. Now, camouflage are able to change…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Luqman Muhammad Zagi

When investigating a malicious file, searching for related files is a common task that malware analysts must perform. Given that production malware corpora may contain over a billion files and consume petabytes of storage, many feature…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Robert J. Joyce , Tirth Patel , Charles Nicholas , Edward Raff

In dynamic malware analysis, programs are classified as malware or benign based on their execution logs. We propose a concept of applying monotonic classification models to the analysis process, to make the trained model's predictions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-11 Alexander Chistyakov , Ekaterina Lobacheva , Alexander Shevelev , Alexey Romanenko

A large amount of new malware is constantly being generated, which must not only be distinguished from benign samples, but also classified into malware families. For this purpose, investigating how existing malware families are developed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Olha Jurečková , Martin Jureček , Mark Stamp , Fabio Di Troia , Róbert Lórencz

This paper introduces and presents a new language named MAIL (Malware Analysis Intermediate Language). MAIL is basically used for building malware analysis and detection tools. MAIL provides an abstract representation of an assembly program…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Shahid Alam

Nowadays, with the booming development of Internet and software industry, more and more malware variants are designed to perform various malicious activities. Traditional signature-based detection methods can not detect variants of malware.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Renjie Lu

The increasingly sophisticated environment in which attackers operate makes software security an even greater challenge in open-source projects, where malicious packages are prevalent. Static analysis tools, such as Malcontent, are highly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Duc-Ly Vu , Thanh-Cong Nguyen , Minh-Khanh Vu , Ngoc-Thanh Nguyen , Kim-Anh Do Thi

In response to the volume and sophistication of malicious software or malware, security investigators rely on dynamic analysis for malware detection to thwart obfuscation and packing issues. Dynamic analysis is the process of executing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-16 ElMouatez Billah Karbab , Mourad Debbabi

In this work we propose a graph-based model that, utilizing relations between groups of System-calls, distinguishes malicious from benign software samples and classifies the detected malicious samples to one of a set of known malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-31 Anna Mpanti , Stavros D. Nikolopoulos , Iosif Polenakis

Malware has become a formidable threat as it has been growing exponentially in number and sophistication, thus, it is imperative to have a solution that is easy to implement, reliable, and effective. While recent research has introduced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Jahez Abraham Johny , Vinod P. , Asmitha K. A. , G. Radhamani , Rafidha Rehiman K. A. , Mauro Conti