Related papers: A solution of $3x+1$ problem
The paper is devoted to the methods of solving simultaneous recurrences. Specifically, we discuss transformation of matrix recurrences to regular recurrences and propose a way of solving special matrix recurrences of order three by their…
In the first two papers, the author embarked on a study of classes of linear equations over integers satisfying a "Farkas-type" property. As the third paper in this study, the present paper deals with another class of linear equations over…
Under the assumption of finite energy, positive solutions to the critical p-Laplace equation in $\mathbb{R}^n$ for $1< p<n$ have been classified completely by moving plane method. In this paper, the author provide a new approach to obtain…
In this article we determine several theorems and methods for solving linear congruences and systems of linear congruences, and we find the number of distinct solutions. Many examples of solving congruences are given.
For relatively prime integers $a$ and $b$ both greater than one and odd integer $c$, there are at most two solutions in positive integers $(x,y,z)$ to the equation $a^x + b^y = c^z$. There are an infinite number of $(a,b,c)$ giving exactly…
This paper presents an algorithm for 3-SAT problems. First, logical formulas are transformed into elementary algebraic formulas. Second, complex trigonometric functions are assigned to the variables in the elementary algebraic formulas, and…
In a recent paper by S. Gubin [cs/0701023v1], a polynomial-time solution to the 3SAT problem was presented as proof that P=NP. The proposed algorithm cannot be made to work, which I shall demonstrate.
Set out here are some fundamental theories that may be regarded as newly discovered metamathematics of the odd integers in relation to the Collatz conjecture (also called the 3x+1 problem). Originally motivated by the requirement to invent…
In this paper, we prove certain theorems about three consecutive primes.
We characterize Giuga Numbers as solutions to the equation $n'=an+1$, with $a \in \mathbb{N}$ and $n'$ being the arithmetic derivative. Although this fact does not refute Lava's conjecture, it brings doubts about its veracity.
For an integer $x$ let $t_x$ denote the triangular number $x(x+1)/2$. Following a recent work of Z. W. Sun, we show that every natural number can be written in any of the following forms with $x,y,z\in\Z$: $$x^2+3y^2+t_z, x^2+3t_y+t_z,…
In this paper, using properties of Ramanujan sums and of the discrete Fourier transform of arithmetic functions, we give an explicit formula for the number of solutions of the linear congruence $a_1x_1+\cdots +a_kx_k\equiv b \pmod{n}$, with…
An optimal 3-point quadrature formula of closed type is derived. Various error inequalities are established. Applications in numerical integration are also given.
In this note we present a brief overview of variational methods to solve homogenization problems. The purpose is to give a first insight on the subject by presenting some fundamental theoretical tools, both classical and modern. We conclude…
We consider $N$, the number of solutions $(x,y,u,v)$ to the equation $ (-1)^u r a^x + (-1)^v s b^y = c $ in nonnegative integers $x, y$ and integers $u, v \in \{0,1\}$, for given integers $a>1$, $b>1$, $c>0$, $r>0$ and $s>0$. When…
This paper provides the first meaningful documentation and analysis of an established technique which aims to obtain an approximate solution to linear programming problems prior to applying the primal simplex method. The underlying…
A new description is given of all solutions to the relaxed commutant lifting problem. The method of proof is also different from earlier ones, and uses only an operator-valued version of a classical lemma on harmonic majorants.
Several open problems in algebraic logic are solved.
We give an algorithm that produces all solutions of the equation $\sum_{i=1}^n 1/x_i = 1$ in integers of the form $2^a k^b$, where $k$ is a fixed positive integer that is not a power of $2$, $a$ is an element of $\{0,1,2\}$ that can vary…
We prove the law of the iterated logarithm for discrepancies of the sequence $\{(3/2)^kx\}$.