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In recent years, much attention has been placed on the complexity of graph homomorphism problems when the input is restricted to ${\mathbb P}_k$-free and ${\mathbb P}_k$-subgraph-free graphs. We consider the directed version of this…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Santiago Guzmán-Pro , Barnaby Martin

For an integer $t \geq 1$, a homomorphism of a digraph G to a digraph $H$ is $t$-frugal if no more than $t$ in-neighbours of any vertex of $G$ have the same image. There is a dichotomy theorem based on structural properties when $t=1$ and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Stefan Bard , Gary MacGillivray , Jacobus Swarts

We introduce the 2-sorted counting logic $GC^k$ that expresses properties of hypergraphs. This logic has available k variables to address hyperedges, an unbounded number of variables to address vertices, and atomic formulas E(e,v) to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Benjamin Scheidt , Nicole Schweikardt

An edge-weighted graph $G$, possibly with loops, is said to be antiferromagnetic if it has nonnegative weights and at most one positive eigenvalue, counting multiplicities. The number of graph homomorphisms from a graph $H$ to an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-18 Joonkyung Lee , Jaeseong Oh , Jaehyeon Seo

Counting the number of homomorphisms of a pattern graph H in a large input graph G is a fundamental problem in computer science. There are myriad applications of this problem in databases, graph algorithms, and network science. Often, we…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Daniel Paul-Pena , C. Seshadhri

We continue the study of the recently-introduced C123-framework, for (simple) graph problems restricted to inputs specified by the forbidding of some finite set of subgraphs, to more general graph problems possibly involving multiedges and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Tala Eagling-Vose , Barnaby Martin , Daniel Paulusma , Siani Smith

A fundamental result in the study of graph homomorphisms is Lov\'asz's theorem that two graphs are isomorphic if and only if they admit the same number of homomorphisms from every graph. A line of work extending Lov\'asz's result to more…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Ben Young

Several possible definitions of local injectivity for a homomorphism of an oriented graph $G$ to an oriented graph $H$ are considered. In each case, we determine the complexity of deciding whether there exists such a homomorphism when $G$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-27 Russell J. Campbell , Nancy E. Clarke , Gary MacGillivray

Building on work of Cai, F\"urer, and Immerman \cite{CFI92}, we show two hardness results for the Graph Isomorphism problem. First, we show that there are pairs of nonisomorphic $n$-vertex graphs $G$ and $H$ such that any sum-of-squares…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-01-13 Ryan O'Donnell , John Wright , Chenggang Wu , Yuan Zhou

In the counting Graph Homomorphism problem (#GraphHom) the question is: Given graphs G,H, find the number of homomorphisms from G to H. This problem is generally #P-complete, moreover, Cygan et al. proved that unless the ETH is false there…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-10-09 Amineh Dadsetan , Andrei A. Bulatov

We completely classify the computational complexity of the list H-colouring problem for graphs (with possible loops) in combinatorial and algebraic terms: for every graph H the problem is either NP-complete, NL-complete, L-complete or is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2010-02-03 Laszlo Egri , Andrei Krokhin , Benoit Larose , Pascal Tesson

Homomorphisms between relational structures are not only fundamental mathematical objects, but are also of great importance in an applied computational context. Indeed, constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs), a wide class of algorithmic…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2011-05-23 Martin Grohe , Marc Thurley

Subgraph counting is a fundamental and well-studied problem whose computational complexity is well understood. Quite surprisingly, the hypergraph version of subgraph counting has been almost ignored. In this work, we address this gap by…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Marco Bressan , Julian Brinkmann , Holger Dell , Marc Roth , Philip Wellnitz

Lov\'{a}sz proved that two graphs $G$ and $H$ are isomorphic if $\hom(K,G) = \hom(K,H)$ for all graphs $K$, where $\hom(G_1,G_2)$ denotes the number of homomorphisms from $G_1$ to $G_2$. Dvo\v{r}\'{a}k showed that it suffices to count…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Andrea Jiménez , Benjamin Moore , Daniel A. Quiroz , Youngho Yoo

Subgraph Isomorphism is a very basic graph problem, where given two graphs $G$ and $H$ one is to check whether $G$ is a subgraph of $H$. Despite its simple definition, the Subgraph Isomorphism problem turns out to be very broad, as it…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-04-14 Marek Cygan , Jakub Pachocki , Arkadiusz Socała

In 1978, Schaefer proved his famous dichotomy theorem for generalized satisfiability problems. He defined an infinite number of propositional satisfiability problems (nowadays usually called Boolean constraint satisfaction problems) and…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Elmar Böhler , Edith Hemaspaandra , Steffen Reith , Heribert Vollmer

We study the problems of counting the homomorphisms, counting the copies, and counting the induced copies of a $k$-vertex graph $H$ in a $d$-degenerate $n$-vertex graph $G$. Our main result establishes exhaustive and explicit complexity…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Marco Bressan , Marc Roth

The constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) can be formulated as a homomorphism problem between relational structures: given a structure $\mathcal{A}$, for any structure $\mathcal{X}$, whether there exists a homomorphism from $\mathcal{X}$ to…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-03-12 Azza Gaysin

Two major milestones on the road to the full complexity dichotomy for finite-domain constraint satisfaction problems were Bulatov's proof of the dichotomy for conservative templates, and the structural dichotomy for smooth digraphs of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Johanna Brunar , Marcin Kozik , Tomáš Nagy , Michael Pinsker

The problem of subgraph counting asks for the number of occurrences of a pattern graph $H$ as a subgraph of a host graph $G$ and is known to be computationally challenging: it is $\#W[1]$-hard even when $H$ is restricted to simple…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Christine Awofeso , Patrick Greaves , Oded Lachish , Felix Reidl