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We present five variants of the standard Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks by uniformly reducing blocks of adaptive parameters in the gating mechanisms. For simplicity, we refer to these models as LSTM1, LSTM2, LSTM3,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Atra Akandeh , Fathi M. Salem

This paper explores the performance of fitted neural Q iteration for reinforcement learning in several partially observable environments, using three recurrent neural network architectures: Long Short-Term Memory, Gated Recurrent Unit and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-12-18 Denis Steckelmacher , Peter Vrancx

Recurrent neural networks are important tools for sequential data processing. However, they are notorious for problems regarding their training. Challenges include capturing complex relations between consecutive states and stability and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Łukasz Neumann , Łukasz Lepak , Paweł Wawrzyński

Owing to their superior modeling capabilities, gated Recurrent Neural Networks, such as Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) and Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTMs), have become popular tools for learning dynamical systems. This paper aims to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Fabio Bonassi , Riccardo Scattolini

Recurrent neural networks can be difficult to train on long sequence data due to the well-known vanishing gradient problem. Some architectures incorporate methods to reduce RNN state updates, therefore allowing the network to preserve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Matthew Thornton , Jithendar Anumula , Shih-Chii Liu

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is one of the most widely used recurrent structures in sequence modeling. It aims to use gates to control information flow (e.g., whether to skip some information or not) in the recurrent computations, although…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Zhuohan Li , Di He , Fei Tian , Wei Chen , Tao Qin , Liwei Wang , Tie-Yan Liu

idely used recurrent units, including Long-short Term Memory (LSTM) and the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), perform well on natural language tasks, but their ability to learn structured representations is still questionable. Exploiting reduced…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Shuai Tang , Paul Smolensky , Virginia R. de Sa

Long short-term memory (LSTM) based acoustic modeling methods have recently been shown to give state-of-the-art performance on some speech recognition tasks. To achieve a further performance improvement, in this research, deep extensions on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-05-12 Xiangang Li , Xihong Wu

This paper compares recurrent neural networks (RNNs) with different types of gated cells for forecasting time series with multiple seasonality. The cells we compare include classical long short term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Grzegorz Dudek , Slawek Smyl , Paweł Pełka

A unique feature of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) is that it incrementally processes input sequences. In this research, we aim to uncover the inherent generalization properties, i.e., inductive bias, of RNNs with respect to how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Taiga Ishii , Ryo Ueda , Yusuke Miyao

In this work, we propose a novel recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture. The proposed RNN, gated-feedback RNN (GF-RNN), extends the existing approach of stacking multiple recurrent layers by allowing and controlling signals flowing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-06-18 Junyoung Chung , Caglar Gulcehre , Kyunghyun Cho , Yoshua Bengio

Recently, a lot of techniques were developed to sparsify the weights of neural networks and to remove networks' structure units, e.g. neurons. We adjust the existing sparsification approaches to the gated recurrent architectures.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Ekaterina Lobacheva , Nadezhda Chirkova , Alexander Markovich , Dmitry Vetrov

We introduce an exceptionally simple gated recurrent neural network (RNN) that achieves performance comparable to well-known gated architectures, such as LSTMs and GRUs, on the word-level language modeling task. We prove that our model has…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-12-20 Thomas Laurent , James von Brecht

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs), including long short-term memory (LSTM) RNNs, have produced state-of-the-art results on a variety of speech recognition tasks. However, these models are often too large in size for deployment on mobile…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-04-12 Zhiyun Lu , Vikas Sindhwani , Tara N. Sainath

Recurrent Neural Networks with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) make use of gating mechanisms to mitigate exploding and vanishing gradients when learning long-term dependencies. For this reason, LSTMs and other gated RNNs are widely adopted,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Federico Landi , Lorenzo Baraldi , Marcella Cornia , Rita Cucchiara

LSTMs and GRUs are the most common recurrent neural network architectures used to solve temporal sequence problems. The two architectures have differing data flows dealing with a common component called the cell state (also referred to as…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Abduallah A. Mohamed , Christian Claudel

Common recurrent neural architectures scale poorly due to the intrinsic difficulty in parallelizing their state computations. In this work, we propose the Simple Recurrent Unit (SRU), a light recurrent unit that balances model capacity and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-10 Tao Lei , Yu Zhang , Sida I. Wang , Hui Dai , Yoav Artzi

Deep learning, and in particular Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) have shown superior accuracy in a large variety of tasks including machine translation, language understanding, and movie frame generation. However, these deep learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-09 Md Zahangir Alom , Adam T Moody , Naoya Maruyama , Brian C Van Essen , Tarek M. Taha

Advanced deep learning architectures, particularly recurrent neural networks (RNNs), have been widely applied in audio, bioacoustic, and biomedical signal analysis, especially in data-scarce environments. While gated RNNs remain effective,…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Pengfei Sun , Wenyu Jiang , Paul Devos , Dick Botteldooren

Gated recurrent units (GRUs) are specialized memory elements for building recurrent neural networks. Despite their incredible success on various tasks, including extracting dynamics underlying neural data, little is understood about the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Ian D. Jordan , Piotr Aleksander Sokol , Il Memming Park