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Artificial intelligence progresses towards the "Era of Experience," where agents are expected to learn from continuous, grounded interaction. We argue that traditional Reinforcement Learning (RL), which typically represents value as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Xidong Feng , Bo Liu , Yan Song , Haotian Fu , Ziyu Wan , Girish A. Koushik , Zhiyuan Hu , Mengyue Yang , Ying Wen , Jun Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are powerful dialogue agents, but specializing them towards fulfilling a specific function can be challenging. Instructing tuning, i.e. tuning models on instruction and sample responses generated by humans…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Dennis Ulmer , Elman Mansimov , Kaixiang Lin , Justin Sun , Xibin Gao , Yi Zhang

To widen their accessibility and increase their utility, intelligent agents must be able to learn complex behaviors as specified by (non-expert) human users. Moreover, they will need to learn these behaviors within a reasonable amount of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-13 Dilip Arumugam , Jun Ki Lee , Sophie Saskin , Michael L. Littman

We study lifelong visual perception in an embodied setup, where we develop new models and compare various agents that navigate in buildings and occasionally request annotations which, in turn, are used to refine their visual perception…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-30 David Nilsson , Aleksis Pirinen , Erik Gärtner , Cristian Sminchisescu

Recent work has described neural-network-based agents that are trained with reinforcement learning (RL) to execute language-like commands in simulated worlds, as a step towards an intelligent agent or robot that can be instructed by human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Felix Hill , Sona Mokra , Nathaniel Wong , Tim Harley

Providing Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents with human feedback can dramatically improve various aspects of learning. However, previous methods require human observer to give inputs explicitly (e.g., press buttons, voice interface),…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Duo Xu , Mohit Agarwal , Ekansh Gupta , Faramarz Fekri , Raghupathy Sivakumar

Interactive reinforcement learning has allowed speeding up the learning process in autonomous agents by including a human trainer providing extra information to the agent in real-time. Current interactive reinforcement learning research has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-06 Adam Bignold , Francisco Cruz , Richard Dazeley , Peter Vamplew , Cameron Foale

Learning from demonstration is an effective method for human users to instruct desired robot behaviour. However, for most non-trivial tasks of practical interest, efficient learning from demonstration depends crucially on inductive bias in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Yordan Hristov , Daniel Angelov , Michael Burke , Alex Lascarides , Subramanian Ramamoorthy

In many reinforcement learning tasks, the goal is to learn a policy to manipulate an agent, whose design is fixed, to maximize some notion of cumulative reward. The design of the agent's physical structure is rarely optimized for the task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-03 David Ha

Most recent successes in robot reinforcement learning involve learning a specialized single-task agent. However, robots capable of performing multiple tasks can be much more valuable in real-world applications. Multi-task reinforcement…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Elie Aljalbout , Nikolaos Sotirakis , Patrick van der Smagt , Maximilian Karl , Nutan Chen

With the rapid advancement of commercial multi-modal models, image editing has garnered significant attention due to its widespread applicability in daily life. Despite impressive progress, existing image editing systems, particularly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yiran Zhao , Yaoqi Ye , Xiang Liu , Michael Qizhe Shieh , Trung Bui

Humans and other intelligent animals evolved highly sophisticated perception systems that combine multiple sensory modalities. On the other hand, state-of-the-art artificial agents rely mostly on visual inputs or structured low-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Shashank Hegde , Anssi Kanervisto , Aleksei Petrenko

Conversational Tree Search (V\"ath et al., 2023) is a recent approach to controllable dialog systems, where domain experts shape the behavior of a Reinforcement Learning agent through a dialog tree. The agent learns to efficiently navigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Dirk Väth , Lindsey Vanderlyn , Ngoc Thang Vu

We analyze the language learned by an agent trained with reinforcement learning as a component of the ActiveQA system [Buck et al., 2017]. In ActiveQA, question answering is framed as a reinforcement learning task in which an agent sits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-24 Christian Buck , Jannis Bulian , Massimiliano Ciaramita , Wojciech Gajewski , Andrea Gesmundo , Neil Houlsby , Wei Wang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has achieved significant success in solving single-goal tasks. However, uniform goal selection often results in sample inefficiency in multi-goal settings where agents must learn a universal goal-conditioned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Gaurav Chaudhary , Laxmidhar Behera

Vision-language agents that orchestrate specialized tools for image restoration (IR) have emerged as a promising method, yet most existing frameworks operate in a training-free manner. They rely on heuristic task scheduling and exhaustive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yisheng Zhang , Guoli Jia , Haote Hu , Shanxu Zhao , Kaikai Zhao , Long Sun , Xinwei Long , Kai Tian , Che Jiang , Zhaoxiang Liu , Kai Wang , Shiguo Lian , Kaiyan Zhang , Bowen Zhou

The cooperation among AI systems, and between AI systems and humans is becoming increasingly important. In various real-world tasks, an agent needs to cooperate with unknown partner agent types. This requires the agent to assess the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Antti Keurulainen , Isak Westerlund , Ariel Kwiatkowski , Samuel Kaski , Alexander Ilin

Complex image restoration aims to recover high-quality images from inputs affected by multiple degradations such as blur, noise, rain, and compression artifacts. Recent restoration agents, powered by vision-language models and large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Jianglin Lu , Yuanwei Wu , Ziyi Zhao , Hongcheng Wang , Felix Jimenez , Abrar Majeedi , Yun Fu

High-fidelity, AI-based simulated classroom systems enable teachers to rehearse effective teaching strategies. However, dialogue-oriented open-ended conversations such as teaching a student about scale factors can be difficult to model.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Debajyoti Datta , Maria Phillips , James P Bywater , Jennifer Chiu , Ginger S. Watson , Laura E. Barnes , Donald E Brown

Large language models (LLMs) struggle in real-world clinical consultations. Single-turn consultation systems require patients to describe all symptoms at once, which often leads to unclear complaints and vague diagnoses. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yichun Feng , Jiawei Wang , Lu Zhou , Yikai Zheng , Zhen Lei , Yixue Li