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Benford's Law (BL) or the Significant Digit Law defines the probability distribution of the first digit of numerical values in a data sample. This Law is observed in many naturally occurring datasets. It can be seen as a measure of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Surya Kant Sahu , Abhinav Java , Arshad Shaikh , Yannic Kilcher

Researchers have observed that the frequencies of leading digits in many man-made and naturally occurring datasets follow a logarithmic curve, with digits that start with the number 1 accounting for $\sim 30\%$ of all numbers in the dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Leo Hsu , Visar Berisha

The Newcomb-Benford law, also known as the first-digit law, gives the probability distribution associated with the first digit of a dataset, so that, for example, the first significant digit has a probability of $30.1$ % of being $1$ and…

Popular Physics · Physics 2021-08-25 Andrea Burgos , Andrés Santos

We provide general expressions for the joint distributions of the $k$ most significant $b$-ary digits and of the $k$ leading continued fraction coefficients of outcomes of an arbitrary continuous random variable. Our analysis highlights the…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-02-13 Félix Balado , Guénolé C. M. Silvestre

We compute the branching ratios for mu-> e gamma, tau-> mu gamma and tau -> e gamma in a supersymmetric model invariant under the flavour symmetry group A4 X Z3 X U(1)_{FN}, in which near tri-bimaximal lepton mixing is naturally predicted.…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-03-21 Ferruccio Feruglio , Claudia Hagedorn , Yin Lin , Luca Merlo

We search for lepton flavor and lepton number violating tau decays into a lepton (ell = electron or muon) and two charged mesons (h,h' = pi^\pm or K^\pm), tau- -> ell-h+h'- and tau- -> ell+h-h'-, using 671 fb^{-1} of data collected with the…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2009-12-22 Y. Miyazaki

Nonextensive statistics, characterized by a nonextensive parameter $q$, is a promising and practically useful generalization of the Boltzmann statistics to describe power-law behaviors from physical and social observations. We here explore…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2011-03-07 Lijing Shao , Bo-Qiang Ma

We show the leading digits of a variety of systems satisfying certain conditions follow Benford's Law. For each system proving this involves two main ingredients. One is a structure theorem of the limiting distribution, specific to the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-06-26 Alex V. Kontorovich , Steven J. Miller

The first digit (FD) phenomenon i.e., the significant digits of numbers in large data are often distributed according to a logarithmically decreasing function was first reported by S. Newcomb and then many decades later independently by F.…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-02-03 Tariq Ahmad Mir , Marcel Ausloos

The yearly aggregated tax income data of all, more than 8000, Italian municipalities are analyzed for a period of five years, from 2007 to 2011, to search for conformity or not with Benford's law, a counter-intuitive phenomenon observed in…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-11-10 Tariq Ahmad Mir , Marcel Ausloos , Roy Cerqueti

In the literature, Benford's Law is considered for base-b expansions where b>1 is an integer. In this paper, we investigate the distribution of leading "digits" of a sequence of positive integers under other expansions such as Zeckendorf…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-09-04 Sungkon Chang , Steven J. Miller

A search for the lepton-flavor-violating decay of the tau into three charged leptons has been performed using $91.5 \mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ of data collected at an $e^+e^-$ center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV with the BaBar detector at the PEP-II…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2008-11-26 The BABAR Collaboration , B. Aubert

A search for the lepton-flavor-violating decay of the tau into one charged lepton and two charged hadrons has been performed using $221.4 \mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ of data collected at an $e^+e^-$ center-of-mass energy around 10.58 GeV with the…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2007-05-23 The BABAR Collaboration , B. Aubert

Benford's law describes the distribution of the first digit of numbers appearing in a wide variety of numerical data, including tax records, and election outcomes, and has been used to raise "red flags" about potential anomalies in the data…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Tianyi Chen , Charalampos E. Tsourakakis

It has long been known that sequences such as the powers of $2$ and the factorials satisfy Benford's Law; that is, leading digits in these sequences occur with frequencies given by $P(d)=\log_{10}(1+1/d)$, $d=1,2,\dots,9$. In this paper, we…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-10-30 Zhaodong Cai , Matthew Faust , A. J. Hildebrand , Junxian Li , Yuan Zhang

Considering the first significant digits (noted d) in data sets of dissipation for turbulent flows, the probability to find a given number (d=1 or 2 or... 9) would be 1/9 for an uniform distribution. Instead the probability closely follows…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2015-11-18 Damien Biau

Using data collected with the L3 detector near the Z resonance, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 150pb-1, the branching fractions of the tau lepton into electron and muon are measured to be B(tau->e nu nu) = (17.806 +- 0.104…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2012-08-27 L3 Collaboration

A search for the neutrinoless, lepton-flavor violating decay of the tau lepton into three charged leptons has been performed using 376 fb^{-1} of data collected at an e^+e^- center-of-mass energy around 10.58 GeV with the BaBar detector at…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2010-04-12 The BABAR Collaboration , B. Aubert

Benford's law, or the law of the first significant digit, has been subjected to numerous studies due to its unique applications in financial fields, especially accounting and auditing. However, studies that addressed the law's establishment…

General Economics · Economics 2025-01-07 M. R. Sarkandiz

A search for the neutrinoless, lepton-flavor violating decay of the tau lepton into three charged leptons has been performed using an integrated luminosity of 468 fb^-1 collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II collider. In all six…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2010-07-01 BaBar Collaboration , J. P. Lees