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Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) are a principled approach to modeling predictive uncertainties in deep learning, which are important in safety-critical applications. Since exact Bayesian inference over the weights in a BNN is intractable,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-02 Tim Z. Xiao , Weiyang Liu , Robert Bamler

Batch Normalization (BN) has become a core design block of modern Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). A typical modern CNN has a large number of BN layers in its lean and deep architecture. BN requires mean and variance calculations over…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-04 Wonkyung Jung , Daejin Jung , and Byeongho Kim , Sunjung Lee , Wonjong Rhee , Jung Ho Ahn

The success of deep neural networks is in part due to the use of normalization layers. Normalization layers like Batch Normalization, Layer Normalization and Weight Normalization are ubiquitous in practice, as they improve generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Yonatan Dukler , Quanquan Gu , Guido Montúfar

Deep neural networks (DNN) have shown unprecedented success in various computer vision applications such as image classification and object detection. However, it is still a common annoyance during the training phase, that one has to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-11-09 Yanghao Li , Naiyan Wang , Jianping Shi , Jiaying Liu , Xiaodi Hou

Inspired by BatchNorm, there has been an explosion of normalization layers in deep learning. Recent works have identified a multitude of beneficial properties in BatchNorm to explain its success. However, given the pursuit of alternative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Ekdeep Singh Lubana , Robert P. Dick , Hidenori Tanaka

While offering a principled framework for uncertainty quantification in deep learning, the employment of Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs) is still constrained by their increased computational requirements and the convergence difficulties…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Moule Lin , Shuhao Guan , Weipeng Jing , Goetz Botterweck , Andrea Patane

Batch Normalization (BN) is widely used in {centralized} deep learning to improve convergence and generalization. However, in {federated} learning (FL) with decentralized data, prior work has observed that training with BN could hinder…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Jike Zhong , Hong-You Chen , Wei-Lun Chao

Regularization is a set of techniques that are used to improve the generalization ability of deep neural networks. In this paper, we introduce spectral batch normalization (SBN), a novel effective method to improve generalization by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Rinor Cakaj , Jens Mehnert , Bin Yang

Quantised neural networks (QNNs) shrink models and reduce inference energy through low-bit arithmetic, yet most still depend on a running statistics batch normalisation (BN) layer, preventing true integer-only deployment. Prior attempts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Pengfei Sun , Wenyu Jiang , Piew Yoong Chee , Paul Devos , Dick Botteldooren

While the deployment of neural networks, yielding impressive results, becomes more prevalent in various applications, their interpretability and understanding remain a critical challenge. Network inversion, a technique that aims to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Pirzada Suhail , Supratik Chakraborty , Amit Sethi

Normalization methods play an important role in enhancing the performance of deep learning while their theoretical understandings have been limited. To theoretically elucidate the effectiveness of normalization, we quantify the geometry of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-29 Ryo Karakida , Shotaro Akaho , Shun-ichi Amari

Batch Normalization (BN) has been a standard component in designing deep neural networks (DNNs). Although the standard BN can significantly accelerate the training of DNNs and improve the generalization performance, it has several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Yong Guo , Qingyao Wu , Chaorui Deng , Jian Chen , Mingkui Tan

A key component of most neural network architectures is the use of normalization layers, such as Batch Normalization. Despite its common use and large utility in optimizing deep architectures, it has been challenging both to generically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-17 Cecilia Summers , Michael J. Dinneen

Batch Normalization (BatchNorm) is an extremely useful component of modern neural network architectures, enabling optimization using higher learning rates and achieving faster convergence. In this paper, we use mean-field theory to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-08 Mingwei Wei , James Stokes , David J Schwab

Binarized neural networks, or BNNs, show great promise in edge-side applications with resource limited hardware, but raise the concerns of reduced accuracy. Motivated by the complex neural networks, in this paper we introduce complex…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Yanfei Li , Tong Geng , Ang Li , Huimin Yu

Batch normalization (BN) is widely used in modern deep neural networks, which has been shown to represent the domain-related knowledge, and thus is ineffective for cross-domain tasks like unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA). Existing BN…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Zhiyong Huang , Kekai Sheng , Ke Li , Jian Liang , Taiping Yao , Weiming Dong , Dengwen Zhou , Xing Sun

Batch Normalization (BN) and its variants have delivered tremendous success in combating the covariate shift induced by the training step of deep learning methods. While these techniques normalize feature distributions by standardizing with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Mandy Lu , Qingyu Zhao , Jiequan Zhang , Kilian M. Pohl , Li Fei-Fei , Juan Carlos Niebles , Ehsan Adeli

Batch Normalization (BN) techniques have been proposed to reduce the so-called Internal Covariate Shift (ICS) by attempting to keep the distributions of layer outputs unchanged. Experiments have shown their effectiveness on training deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-10 You Huang , Yuanlong Yu

Batch-Normalization (BN) layers have become fundamental components in the evermore complex deep neural network architectures. Such models require acceleration processes for deployment on edge devices. However, BN layers add computation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Edouard Yvinec , Arnaud Dapogny , Kevin Bailly

Deep neural networks often suffer the data distribution shift between training and testing, and the batch statistics are observed to reflect the shift. In this paper, targeting of alleviating distribution shift in test time, we revisit the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Tao Yang , Shenglong Zhou , Yuwang Wang , Yan Lu , Nanning Zheng
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