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The Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle is solidly based on a provably ideal method of inference using Kolmogorov complexity. We test how the theory behaves in practice on a general problem in model selection: that of learning the…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2007-05-23 Qiong Gao , Ming Li , Paul Vitanyi

We describe a method for inferring linear causal relations among multi-dimensional variables. The idea is to use an asymmetry between the distributions of cause and effect that occurs if both the covariance matrix of the cause and the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2009-09-25 Dominik Janzing , Patrik O. Hoyer , Bernhard Schoelkopf

An efficient representation of observed data has many benefits in various domains of engineering and science. Representing static data sets, such as images, is a living branch in machine learning and eases downstream tasks, such as…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-09-28 Friedrich Solowjow , Arash Mehrjou , Bernhard Schölkopf , Sebastian Trimpe

At the heart of causal structure learning from observational data lies a deceivingly simple question: given two statistically dependent random variables, which one has a causal effect on the other? This is impossible to answer using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Nikolaos Nikolaou , Konstantinos Sechidis

Compression and generalization are fundamentally related through Solomonoff induction and the minimum description length principle (MDL), which predict that simpler models generalize better when data arises from low-complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Lukas Silvester Barth , Paulo von Petersenn

Causal inference is one of the most fundamental problems across all domains of science. We address the problem of inferring a causal direction from two observed discrete symbolic sequences $X$ and $Y$. We present a framework which relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-18 Pranay SY , Nithin Nagaraj

We describe a method that infers whether statistical dependences between two observed variables X and Y are due to a "direct" causal link or only due to a connecting causal path that contains an unobserved variable of low complexity, e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-02-20 Dominik Janzing , Eleni Sgouritsa , Oliver Stegle , Jonas Peters , Bernhard Schoelkopf

We study a model where one target variable Y is correlated with a vector X:=(X_1,...,X_d) of predictor variables being potential causes of Y. We describe a method that infers to what extent the statistical dependences between X and Y are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-11 Dominik Janzing , Bernhard Schoelkopf

In previous work we developed a method of learning Bayesian Network models from raw data. This method relies on the well known minimal description length (MDL) principle. The MDL principle is particularly well suited to this task as it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-08 Wai Lam , Fahiem Bacchus

We study the properties of the Minimum Description Length principle for sequence prediction, considering a two-part MDL estimator which is chosen from a countable class of models. This applies in particular to the important case of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2011-11-09 Jan Poland , Marcus Hutter

The estimation of causal effects with observational data continues to be a very active research area. In recent years, researchers have developed new frameworks which use machine learning to relax classical assumptions necessary for the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-01 Jonathan Fuhr , Philipp Berens , Dominik Papies

The machine learning community has recently devoted much attention to the problem of inferring causal relationships from statistical data. Most of this work has focused on uncovering connections among scalar random variables. We generalize…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2012-07-10 Doris Entner , Patrik O. Hoyer

We propose a method to classify the causal relationship between two discrete variables given only the joint distribution of the variables, acknowledging that the method is subject to an inherent baseline error. We assume that the causal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-11-07 Krzysztof Chalupka , Frederick Eberhardt , Pietro Perona

Recent developments in structural equation modeling have produced several methods that can usually distinguish cause from effect in the two-variable case. For that purpose, however, one has to impose substantial structural constraints or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-04-23 Kun Zhang , Jiji Zhang , Bernhard Schölkopf

Causal discovery, the problem of inferring the direction of causality, is generally ill-posed. We use the language of structural causal models (SCM) to show that assuming that the causal relations are acyclic and invariant across multiple…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-14 Francesco Montagna , Francesco Locatello

We address the problem of inferring the causal direction between a continuous variable $X$ and a discrete variable $Y$ from observational data. For the model $X \to Y$, we adopt the threshold model used in prior work. For the model $Y \to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Takashi Nicholas Maeda , Shohei Shimizu , Hidetoshi Matsui

A connection between the General Linear Model (GLM) in combination with classical statistical inference and the machine learning (MLE)-based inference is described in this paper. Firstly, the estimation of the GLM parameters is expressed as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-10 Juan Manuel Gorriz , SIPBA group , John Suckling

We study the problem of deriving policies, or rules, that when enacted on a complex system, cause a desired outcome. Absent the ability to perform controlled experiments, such rules have to be inferred from past observations of the system's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Kailash Budhathoki , Mario Boley , Jilles Vreeken

Causal discovery is crucial for causal inference in observational studies, as it can enable the identification of valid adjustment sets (VAS) for unbiased effect estimation. However, global causal discovery is notoriously hard in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-04 Jacqueline Maasch , Weishen Pan , Shantanu Gupta , Volodymyr Kuleshov , Kyra Gan , Fei Wang

Causal effect estimation from observational data is a challenging problem, especially with high dimensional data and in the presence of unobserved variables. The available data-driven methods for tackling the problem either provide an…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-25 Debo Cheng , Jiuyong Li , Lin Liu , Jiji Zhang , Jixue Liu , Thuc Duy Le