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Deep learning approaches exhibit promising performances on various text tasks. However, they are still struggling on medical text classification since samples are often extremely imbalanced and scarce. Different from existing mainstream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Jiahuan Yan , Haojun Gao , Zhang Kai , Weize Liu , Danny Chen , Jian Wu , Jintai Chen

One of the principal tasks of machine learning with major applications is text classification. This paper focuses on the legal domain and, in particular, on the classification of lengthy legal documents. The main challenge that this study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Lulu Wan , George Papageorgiou , Michael Seddon , Mirko Bernardoni

Hierarchical neural architectures are often used to capture long-distance dependencies and have been applied to many document-level tasks such as summarization, document segmentation, and sentiment analysis. However, effective usage of such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-01-29 Ming-Wei Chang , Kristina Toutanova , Kenton Lee , Jacob Devlin

Information hierarchies are organizational structures that often used to organize and present large and complex information as well as provide a mechanism for effective human navigation. Fortunately, many statistical and computational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-01-05 Baoxu Shi , Tim Weninger

Hierarchy is a common and effective way of organizing data and representing their relationships at different levels of abstraction. However, hierarchical data dependencies cause difficulties in the estimation of "separable" models that can…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2016-09-05 Mostafa Dehghani , Hosein Azarbonyad , Jaap Kamps , Maarten Marx

The recent literature in text classification is biased towards short text sequences (e.g., sentences or paragraphs). In real-world applications, multi-page multi-paragraph documents are common and they cannot be efficiently encoded by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Xiang Dai , Ilias Chalkidis , Sune Darkner , Desmond Elliott

Companies regularly spend millions of dollars producing electronically-stored documents in legal matters. Recently, parties on both sides of the 'legal aisle' are accepting the use of machine learning techniques like text classification to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Christian J. Mahoney , Jianping Zhang , Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet , Peter Gronvall , Haozhen Zhao

Text classification is the most fundamental and essential task in natural language processing. The last decade has seen a surge of research in this area due to the unprecedented success of deep learning. Numerous methods, datasets, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Qian Li , Hao Peng , Jianxin Li , Congying Xia , Renyu Yang , Lichao Sun , Philip S. Yu , Lifang He

The task of text classification is usually divided into two stages: {\it text feature extraction} and {\it classification}. In this standard formalization categories are merely represented as indexes in the label vocabulary, and the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Duo Chai , Wei Wu , Qinghong Han , Fei Wu , Jiwei Li

Hierarchical text classification aims to categorize each document into a set of classes in a label taxonomy, which is a fundamental web text mining task with broad applications such as web content analysis and semantic indexing. Most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Yunyi Zhang , Ruozhen Yang , Xueqiang Xu , Rui Li , Jinfeng Xiao , Jiaming Shen , Jiawei Han

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) aims to categorize text data based on a structured label hierarchy, resulting in predicted labels forming a sub-hierarchy tree. The semantics of the text should align with the semantics of the labels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Ashish Kumar , Durga Toshniwal

Large language models produce powerful text embeddings, but their causal attention mechanism restricts the flow of information from later to earlier tokens, degrading representation quality. While recent methods attempt to solve this by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xueying Ding , Xingyue Huang , Mingxuan Ju , Liam Collins , Yozen Liu , Leman Akoglu , Neil Shah , Tong Zhao

The growing demand for effective tools to parse PDF-formatted texts, particularly structured documents such as textbooks, reveals the limitations of current methods developed mainly for research paper segmentation. This work addresses the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Sabine Wehnert , Harikrishnan Changaramkulath , Ernesto William De Luca

The quality of machine learning models depends heavily on their training data. Selecting high-quality, diverse training sets for large language models (LLMs) is a difficult task, due to the lack of cheap and reliable quality metrics. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Robert Istvan Busa-Fekete , Julian Zimmert , Anne Xiangyi Zheng , Claudio Gentile , Andras Gyorgy

Scientific knowledge is growing rapidly, making it difficult to track progress and high-level conceptual links across broad disciplines. While tools like citation networks and search engines help retrieve related papers, they lack the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Muhan Gao , Jash Shah , Weiqi Wang , Kuan-Hao Huang , Daniel Khashabi

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) has recently gained traction given the ability to handle complex label hierarchy. This has found applications in domains like E- commerce, customer care and medicine industry among other real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Neeraj Agrawal , Saurabh Kumar , Priyanka Bhatt , Tanishka Agarwal

Multi-label text classification refers to the problem of assigning each given document its most relevant labels from the label set. Commonly, the metadata of the given documents and the hierarchy of the labels are available in real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yu Zhang , Zhihong Shen , Yuxiao Dong , Kuansan Wang , Jiawei Han

Text classification is one of the most widely studied tasks in natural language processing. Motivated by the principle of compositionality, large multilayer neural network models have been employed for this task in an attempt to effectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-07 Devendra Singh Sachan , Manzil Zaheer , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Handwritten document recognition (HDR) is one of the most challenging tasks in the field of computer vision, due to the various writing styles and complex layouts inherent in handwritten texts. Traditionally, this problem has been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Mohammed Hamdan , Abderrahmane Rahiche , Mohamed Cheriet

Text classification is the process of classifying documents into predefined categories based on their content. It is the automated assignment of natural language texts to predefined categories. Text classification is the primary requirement…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2010-09-28 S. M. Kamruzzaman