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The use of machine learning (ML) in high-stakes societal decisions has encouraged the consideration of fairness throughout the ML lifecycle. Although data integration is one of the primary steps to generate high quality training data, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Sainyam Galhotra , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Prasanna Sattigeri , Kush R. Varshney

Randomized experiments in which the treatment of a unit can affect the outcomes of other units are becoming increasingly common in healthcare, economics, and in the social and information sciences. From a causal inference perspective, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-02-14 Daniel L. Sussman , Edoardo M. Airoldi

N-of-1 experiments, where a unit serves as its own control and treatment in different time windows, have been used in certain medical contexts for decades. However, due to effects that accumulate over long time windows and interventions…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-25 Tengyuan Liang , Benjamin Recht

Bipartite experiments are a recent object of study in causal inference, whereby treatment is applied to one set of units and outcomes of interest are measured on a different set of units. These experiments are particularly useful in…

Experiments on online marketplaces and social networks suffer from interference, where the outcome of a unit is impacted by the treatment status of other units. We propose a framework for modeling interference using a ubiquitous deployment…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-21 Ariel Boyarsky , Hongseok Namkoong , Jean Pouget-Abadie

We describe a design-based framework for drawing causal inference in general randomized experiments. Causal effects are defined as linear functionals evaluated at unit-level potential outcome functions. Assumptions about the potential…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-15 Christopher Harshaw , Fredrik Sävje , Yitan Wang

In causal inference, interference occurs when the treatment of one unit may affect the outcomes of other units. The goal of this work is to serve as a guide to the use of linear outcome modeling for estimating causal effects in settings…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-01 Eric Tong , Salvador V. Balkus

Simulation methods are among the most ubiquitous methodological tools in statistical science. In particular, statisticians often is simulation to explore properties of statistical functionals in models for which developed statistical theory…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-22 Tyrel Stokes , Ian Shrier , Russell Steele

The model-X conditional randomization test is a generic framework for conditional independence testing, unlocking new possibilities to discover features that are conditionally associated with a response of interest while controlling type-I…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Shalev Shaer , Yaniv Romano

We present a randomization-based inferential framework for experiments characterized by a strongly ignorable assignment mechanism where units have independent probabilities of receiving treatment. Previous works on randomization tests often…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-01 Zach Branson , Marie-Abele Bind

Many previous causal inference studies require no interference, that is, the potential outcomes of a unit do not depend on the treatments of other units. However, this no-interference assumption becomes unreasonable when a unit interacts…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-12-24 Xinran Li , Peng Ding , Qian Lin , Dawei Yang , Jun S. Liu

In causal inference, we can consider a situation in which treatment on one unit affects others, i.e., interference exists. In the presence of interference, we cannot perform a classical randomization test directly because a null hypothesis…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-22 Mizuho Yanagi , Tomonari Sei

Conjoint analysis is a popular experimental design used to measure multidimensional preferences. Researchers examine how varying a factor of interest, while controlling for other relevant factors, influences decision-making. Currently,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-20 Dae Woong Ham , Kosuke Imai , Lucas Janson

We present a new experiment demonstrating destructive interference in customers' estimates of conditional probabilities of product failure. We take the perspective of a manufacturer of consumer products, and consider two situations of cause…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Irina Basieva , Vijitashwa Pandey , Polina Khrennikova

Randomization tests allow simple and unambiguous tests of null hypotheses, by comparing observed data to a null ensemble in which experimentally-controlled variables are randomly resampled. In behavioral and neuroscience experiments,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-08 Kenneth D. Harris , Kevin J. Miller

We study causal inference in settings characterized by interference with a bipartite structure. There are two distinct sets of units: intervention units to which an intervention can be applied and outcome units on which the outcome of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-29 Georgia Papadogeorgou , Zhaoyan Song , Guido Imbens , Fabrizia Mealli

In many applications of causal inference, the treatment received by one unit may influence the outcome of another, a phenomenon referred to as interference. Although there are several frameworks for conducting causal inference in the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-27 Matvey Ortyashov , AmirEmad Ghassami

Network interference amounts to the treatment status of one unit affecting the potential outcome of other units in the population. Testing for spillover effects in this setting makes the null hypothesis non-sharp. An interesting approach to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-24 Supriya Tiwari , Pallavi Basu

How should researchers analyze randomized experiments in which the main outcome is latent and measured in multiple ways but each measure contains some degree of error? We first identify a critical study-specific noncomparability problem in…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-13 Jiawei Fu , Donald P. Green

In experiments that study social phenomena, such as peer influence or herd immunity, the treatment of one unit may influence the outcomes of others. Such "interference between units" violates traditional approaches for causal inference, so…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-30 David Choi