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Strassen's asymptotic spectrum offers a framework for analyzing the complexity of tensors. It has found applications in diverse areas, from computer science to additive combinatorics and quantum information. A long-standing open problem,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Keiya Sakabe , Mahmut Levent Doğan , Michael Walter

Strassen founded the theory of the asymptotic spectrum of tensors to study the complexity of matrix multiplication. A central challenge in this theory is to explicitly construct new spectral points. In Crelle 1991, Strassen proposed the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Josh Alman , Baitian Li , Kevin Pratt

Strassen (Strassen, J. Reine Angew. Math., 375/376, 1987) introduced the subrank of a tensor as a natural extension of matrix rank to tensors. Subrank measures the largest diagonal tensor that can be obtained by applying linear operations…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Matthias Christandl , Omar Fawzi , Hoang Ta , Jeroen Zuiddam

Structural and computational understanding of tensors is the driving force behind faster matrix multiplication algorithms, the unraveling of quantum entanglement, and the breakthrough on the cap set problem. Strassen's asymptotic spectra…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Matthias Christandl , Vladimir Lysikov , Jeroen Zuiddam

Upper and lower quantum functionals, introduced by Christandl, Vrana and Zuiddam (STOC 2018, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 2023), are families of monotone functions of tensors indexed by a weighting on the set of subsets of the tensor legs. Inspired…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2026-04-21 Alonso Botero , Matthias Christandl , Thomas C. Fraser , Itai Leigh , Harold Nieuwboer

Given a semiring with a preorder subject to certain conditions, the asymptotic spectrum, as introduced by Strassen (J. reine angew. Math. 1988), is a compact Hausdorff space together with a map from the semiring to the ring of continuous…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-04-01 Péter Vrana

Motivated by fast matrix multiplication and recent connections between asymptotic tensor rank and fine-grained complexity, we revisit classical tools from the matrix multiplication literature and develop a framework for obtaining improved…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Josh Alman , Baitian Li

Asymptotic tensor rank is notoriously difficult to determine. Indeed, determining its value for the $2\times 2$ matrix multiplication tensor would determine the matrix multiplication exponent, a long-standing open problem. On the other…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Matthias Christandl , Koen Hoeberechts , Harold Nieuwboer , Péter Vrana , Jeroen Zuiddam

The exponent $\sigma(T)$ of a tensor $T\in\mathbb{F}^d\otimes\mathbb{F}^d\otimes\mathbb{F}^d$ over a field $\mathbb{F}$ captures the base of the exponential growth rate of the tensor rank of $T$ under Kronecker powers. Tensor exponents are…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Petteri Kaski , Mateusz Michałek

We study quantum versions of the Shannon capacity of graphs and non-commutative graphs. We introduce the asymptotic spectrum of graphs with respect to quantum and entanglement-assisted homomorphisms, and we introduce the asymptotic spectrum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-20 Yinan Li , Jeroen Zuiddam

Tensor parameters that are amortized or regularized over large tensor powers, often called "asymptotic" tensor parameters, play a central role in several areas including algebraic complexity theory (constructing fast matrix multiplication…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Jop Briët , Matthias Christandl , Itai Leigh , Amir Shpilka , Jeroen Zuiddam

We introduce the asymptotic spectrum of graphs and apply the theory of asymptotic spectra of Strassen (J. Reine Angew. Math. 1988) to obtain a new dual characterisation of the Shannon capacity of graphs. Elements in the asymptotic spectrum…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-09-27 Jeroen Zuiddam

The complexity of bilinear maps (equivalently, of $3$-mode tensors) has been studied extensively, most notably in the context of matrix multiplication. While circuit complexity and tensor rank coincide asymptotically for $3$-mode tensors,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Cornelius Brand , Radu Curticapean , Petteri Kaski , Baitian Li , Ian Orzel , Tim Seppelt , Jiaheng Wang

Strassen's asymptotic rank conjecture [Progr. Math. 120 (1994)] claims a strong submultiplicative upper bound on the rank of a three-tensor obtained as an iterated Kronecker product of a constant-size base tensor. The conjecture, if true,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Andreas Björklund , Petteri Kaski

While Spectral Methods have long been used for Principal Component Analysis, this survey focusses on work over the last 15 years with three salient features: (i) Spectral methods are useful not only for numerical problems, but also discrete…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-04-09 Ravindran Kannan

A tensor network is a diagram that specifies a way to "multiply" a collection of tensors together to produce another tensor (or matrix). Many existing algorithms for tensor problems (such as tensor decomposition and tensor PCA), although…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Ankur Moitra , Alexander S. Wein

We systematically compute improved asymptotic rank bounds for tensors. Using numerical implicitization, we implement the geometric framework of Kaski and Micha{\l}ek across all computationally feasible cases. By detecting the absence of…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2026-01-14 Kisun Lee

In this paper using a transform defined by the translation operator we introduce the concept of spectrum of sequences that are bounded by $n^\nu$, where $\nu$ is a natural number. We apply this spectral theory to study the asymptotic…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-11-25 Nguyen Van Minh , Hideaki Matsunaga , Nguyen Duc Huy , Vu Trong Luong

We consider the spectral behavior and noncommutative geometry of commutators $[P,f]$, where $P$ is an operator of order $0$ with geometric origin and $f$ a multiplication operator by a function. When $f$ is H\"{o}lder continuous, the…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2017-06-22 Heiko Gimperlein , Magnus Goffeng

The asymptotic spectrum of graphs, introduced by Zuiddam (arXiv:1807.00169, 2018), is the space of graph parameters that are additive under disjoint union, multiplicative under the strong product, normalized and monotone under homomorphisms…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-03-06 Péter Vrana
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