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False data injection attacks (FDIA) are a main category of cyber-attacks threatening the security of power systems. Contrary to the detection of these attacks, less attention has been paid to identifying the attacked units of the grid. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Osman Boyaci , Mohammad Rasoul Narimani , Katherine Davis , Muhammad Ismail , Thomas J Overbye , Erchin Serpedin

Fast and accurate detection of cyberattacks is a key element for a cyber-resilient power system. Recently, data-driven detectors and physics-based Moving Target Defences (MTD) have been proposed to detect false data injection (FDI) attacks…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-22 Wangkun Xu , Martin Higgins , Jianhong Wang , Imad M. Jaimoukha , Fei Teng

False Data Injection (FDI) attacks are a common form of Cyber-attack targetting smart grids. Detection of stealthy FDI attacks is impossible by the current bad data detection systems. Machine learning is one of the alternative methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Jacob Sakhnini , Hadis Karimipour , Ali Dehghantanha

Influenced by deep penetration of the new generation of information technology, power systems have gradually evolved into highly coupled cyber-physical systems (CPS). Among many possible power CPS network attacks, a false data injection…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-03 Zhaoyang Qu , Xiaoyong Bo , Tong Yu , Yaowei Liu , Yunchang Dong , Zhongfeng Kan , Lei Wang , Yang Li

This paper studies false data injection (FDI) attacks against phasor measurement units (PMUs). As compared to the conventional bad data detector (BDD), an enhanced BDD utilizing the effect of zero injection buses is proposed. Feasible…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-09-14 Zhigang Chu , Jiazi Zhang , Oliver Kosut , Lalitha Sankar

The false data injection (FDI) attack cannot be detected by the traditional anomaly detection techniques used in the energy system state estimators. In this paper, we demonstrate how FDI attacks can be constructed blindly, i.e., without…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-05-23 Adnan Anwar , Abdun Naser Mahmood , Mark Pickering

Tele-operated driving (ToD) systems are special types of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) where the operator remotely controls the steering, acceleration, and braking actions of the vehicle. Malicious actors may inject false data in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-07 Subhadip Ghosh , Aydin Zaboli , Junho Hong , Jaerock Kwon

False data injection attacks (FDIAs) pose a significant security threat to power system state estimation. To detect such attacks, recent studies have proposed machine learning (ML) techniques, particularly deep neural networks (DNNs).…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Jiangnan Li , Yingyuan Yang , Jinyuan Stella Sun , Kevin Tomsovic , Hairong Qi

The rapid growth of AI-driven data centers and large-scale energy storage systems is increasing the reliance of power system operation on real-time measurement data and automated decision-making. However, many existing detection methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xin Li , Chenhan Xiao , Jonathan Cohen , Aviad Elyashar , Yang Weng , Rami Puzis

Training and evaluating false data injection attack (FDIA) detectors for power systems is constrained by data scarcity. Operational grid measurements are commercially sensitive, and hand-crafted attacks fail to capture complex…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Mohammad A. Razzaque , Muta Tah Hira

State estimation is a data processing algorithm for converting redundant meter measurements and other information into an estimate of the state of a power system. Relying heavily on meter measurements, state estimation has proven to be…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-27 Mingqiu Du , Georgia Pierrou , Xiaozhe Wang , Marthe Kassouf

With the large scale penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and the advent of bidirectional chargers, EV aggregators will become a major player in the voltage regulation market. This paper proposes a novel false data injection attack (FDIA)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-11 Yuan Liu , Omid Ardakanian , Ioanis Nikolaidis , Hao Liang

This paper studies the vulnerability of large-scale power systems to false data injection (FDI) attacks through their physical consequences. Prior work has shown that an attacker-defender bi-level linear program (ADBLP) can be used to…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Zhigang Chu , Jiazi Zhang , Oliver Kosut , Lalitha Sankar

State estimation is of considerable significance for the power system operation and control. However, well-designed false data injection attacks can utilize blind spots in conventional residual-based bad data detection methods to manipulate…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-16 Chenguang Wang , Simon Tindemans , Kaikai Pan , Peter Palensky

We study moving-target defense (MTD) that actively perturbs transmission line reactances to thwart stealthy false data injection (FDI) attacks against state estimation in a power grid. Prior work on this topic has proposed MTD based on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-05 Subhash Lakshminarayana , David K. Y. Yau

Understanding smart grid cyber attacks is key for developing appropriate protection and recovery measures. Advanced attacks pursue maximized impact at minimized costs and detectability. This paper conducts risk analysis of combined data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-08-29 Kaikai Pan , André Teixeira , Milos Cvetkovic , Peter Palensky

A novel false data injection attack (FDIA) model against DC state estimation is proposed, which requires no network parameters and exploits only limited phasor measurement unit (PMU) data. The proposed FDIA model can target specific states…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-25 Mingqiu Du , Georgia Pierrou , Xiaozhe Wang

Deep learning models have been widely adopted for False Data Injection Attack (FDIA) detection in smart grids due to their ability to capture unstructured and sparse features. However, the increasing system scale and data dimensionality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yunfeng Li , Junhong Liu , Zhaohui Yang , Guofu Liao , Chuyun Zhang

Recent studies have demonstrated that smart grids are vulnerable to stealthy false data injection attacks (SFDIAs), as SFDIAs can bypass residual-based bad data detection mechanisms. The SFDIA detection has become one of the focuses of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Xuefei Yin , Yanming Zhu , Yi Xie , Jiankun Hu

Data attacks on meter measurements in the power grid can lead to errors in state estimation. This paper presents a new data attack model where an adversary produces changes in state estimation despite failing bad-data detection checks. The…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-05-11 Deepjyoti Deka , Ross Baldick , Sriram Vishwanath