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Test pattern generation is an electronic design automation tool that attempts to find an input (or test) sequence that, when applied to a digital circuit, enables one to distinguish between the correct circuit behavior and the faulty…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-09-21 Jacob Biamonte , Marek Perkowski

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) produce random numbers based on the intrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics, making them true random number generators (TRNGs). In this paper, we design and fabricate an embedded QRNG…

Quantum random number generator (QRNG) can produce true randomness by utilizing the inherent probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics. Recently, the spontaneous-emission quantum phase noise of the laser has been widely deployed for QRNG,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-18 Shi-Hai Sun , Feihu Xu

Quantum self-testing is a device-independent way to certify quantum states and measurements using only the input-output statistics, with minimal assumptions about the quantum devices. Because of the high demand on tolerable noise, however,…

Quantum theory allows for randomness generation in a device-independent setting, where no detailed description of the experimental device is required. Here we derive a general upper bound on the amount of randomness that can be generated in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-29 Marie Ioannou , Jonatan Bohr Brask , Nicolas Brunner

Ideal quantum random number generators (QRNGs) can produce algorithmically random and thus incomputable sequences, in contrast to pseudo-random number generators. However, the verification of the presence of algorithmic randomness and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-06 John T. Kavulich , Brennan P. Van Deren , Maximilian Schlosshauer

Verification of quantum circuits is essential for guaranteeing correctness of quantum algorithms and/or quantum descriptions across various levels of abstraction. In this work, we show that there are promising ways to check the correctness…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-11 Lukas Burgholzer , Richard Kueng , Robert Wille

According to quantum theory, the outcomes obtained by measuring an entangled state necessarily exhibit some randomness if they violate a Bell inequality. In particular, a maximal violation of the CHSH inequality guarantees that 1.23 bits of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-23 Antonio Acin , Serge Massar , Stefano Pironio

The unpredictability of quantum physics gives rise to intrinsic randomness. In an adversarial scenario, any additional degrees of freedom must be attributed to an eavesdropper with correlations to the measurement set-up. The true randomness…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Fionnuala Curran

Quantum information processing shows advantages in many tasks, including quantum communication and computation, comparing to its classical counterpart. The essence of quantum processing lies on the fundamental difference between classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-03 Xiao Yuan

Random bit generators (RBGs) are key components of a variety of information processing applications ranging from simulations to cryptography. In particular, cryptographic systems require "strong" RBGs that produce high-entropy bit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 M. Fiorentino , C. M. Santori , S. M. Spillane , W. J. Munro , R. G. Beausoleil

Random generation and confidential distribution of cryptographic keys are fundamental building blocks of secure communication. Using quantum states in which the transmitted quantum bit is entangled with a stationary memory quantum bit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-30 Pascal Kobel , Ralf A. Berner , Michael Köhl

The application for random numbers is ubiquitous. We experimentally build a well-studied quantum random number generator from homodyne measurements on the quadrature of the vacuum fluctuations. Semi-device-independence in this random number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-09 Megha Shrivastava , Mohit Mittal , Isha Kumari , Venkat Abhignan

Quantum mechanics predicts the existence of intrinsically random processes. Contrary to classical randomness, this lack of predictability can not be attributed to ignorance or lack of control. Here we find the optimal method to quantify the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-07 Elsa Passaro , Daniel Cavalcanti , Paul Skrzypczyk , Antonio Acín

Even if the output of a Random Number Generator (RNG) is perfectly uniformly distributed, it may be correlated to pre-existing information and therefore be predictable. Statistical tests are thus not sufficient to guarantee that an RNG is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-20 Daniela Frauchiger , Renato Renner , Matthias Troyer

We question the commonly accepted statement that random numbers certified by Bell's theorem carry some special sort of randomness, so to say, quantum randomness or intrinsic randomness. We show that such numbers can be easily generated by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-07 Andrei Khrennikov

The randomness from a quantum random number generator (QRNG) relies on the accurate characterization of its devices. However, device imperfections and inaccurate characterizations can result in wrong entropy estimation and bias in practice,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-30 You-Qi Nie , Jian-Yu Guan , Hongyi Zhou , Qiang Zhang , Xiongfeng Ma , Jun Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

We report on an optical setup generating more than one bit of randomness from one entangled bit (i.e. a maximally entangled state of two-qubits). The amount of randomness is certified through the observation of Bell non-local correlations.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-18 S. Gómez , A. Mattar , E. S. Gómez , D. Cavalcanti , O. Jiménez Farías , A. Acín , G. Lima

Random numbers are a fundamental and useful resource in science and engineering with important applications in simulation, machine learning and cyber-security. Quantum systems can produce true random numbers because of the inherent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Sebastian F. Tudor , Rupak Chatterjee , Lac Nguyen , Yuping Huang

The violation of Bell inequality not only provides the most radical departure of quantum theory from classical concepts, but also paves the way of applications in such as device independent randomness certification. Here, we derive the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-24 Youwang Xiao , Xinhui Li , Jing Wang , Ming Li , Shao-Ming Fei