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Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and K-means constitute fundamental techniques in multivariate analysis. Although they are frequently applied independently or sequentially to cluster observations, the relationship between them, especially…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-02 Victor Saquicela , Kenneth Palacio-Baus , Mario Chifla

Principal component analysis (PCA) requires the computation of a low-rank approximation to a matrix containing the data being analyzed. In many applications of PCA, the best possible accuracy of any rank-deficient approximation is at most a…

Computation · Statistics 2010-06-04 Vladimir Rokhlin , Arthur Szlam , Mark Tygert

The statistical analysis of tree structured data is a new topic in statistics with wide application areas. Some Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ideas were previously developed for binary tree spaces. In this study, we extend these ideas…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-02-14 Carlos A. Alfaro , Burcu Aydın , Elizabeth Bullitt , Alim Ladha , Carlos E. Valencia

We present an unsupervised learning analysis of correlation hierarchies in the quarter-filled simple and extended Hubbard models by applying principal component analysis (PCA) to exact-diagonalization (ED) data on 3x4 and 4x4 cylindrical…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2026-05-12 Md Fahad Equbal , S R Hassan , M. A. H. Ahsan

Missing data is a commonly occurring problem in practice. Many imputation methods have been developed to fill in the missing entries. However, not all of them can scale to high-dimensional data, especially the multiple imputation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Thu Nguyen , Hoang Thien Ly , Michael Alexander Riegler , Pål Halvorsen , Hugo L. Hammer

The CP decomposition for high dimensional non-orthogonal spiked tensors is an important problem with broad applications across many disciplines. However, previous works with theoretical guarantee typically assume restrictive incoherence…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-20 Yuefeng Han , Cun-Hui Zhang

In this brief note, we formulate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) over datasets consisting not of points but of distributions, characterized by their location and covariance. Just like the usual PCA on points can be equivalently derived…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-26 Vlad Niculae

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a cornerstone of dimensionality reduction, yet its classical formulation relies critically on second-order moments and is therefore fragile in the presence of heavy-tailed data and impulsive noise.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Mario Sayde , Christopher Khater , Jihad Fahs , Ibrahim Abou-Faycal

This is a detailed tutorial paper which explains the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Supervised PCA (SPCA), kernel PCA, and kernel SPCA. We start with projection, PCA with eigen-decomposition, PCA with one and multiple projection…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-03 Benyamin Ghojogh , Mark Crowley

Principal component analysis (PCA) has achieved great success in unsupervised learning by identifying covariance correlations among features. If the data collection fails to capture the covariance information, PCA will not be able to…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-08-24 Ziming Liu , Sitian Qian , Yixuan Wang , Yuxuan Yan , Tianyi Yang

We extend the principal component analysis (PCA) to second-order stationary vector time series in the sense that we seek for a contemporaneous linear transformation for a $p$-variate time series such that the transformed series is segmented…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-12-21 Jinyuan Chang , Bin Guo , Qiwei Yao

Principal components analysis (PCA) is a widely used dimension reduction technique with an extensive range of applications. In this paper, an online distributed algorithm is proposed for recovering the principal eigenspaces. We further…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-05-20 Davoud Ataee Tarzanagh , Mohamad Kazem Shirani Faradonbeh , George Michailidis

As a seminal tool in self-supervised representation learning, contrastive learning has gained unprecedented attention in recent years. In essence, contrastive learning aims to leverage pairs of positive and negative samples for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Ching-Yun Ko , Jeet Mohapatra , Sijia Liu , Pin-Yu Chen , Luca Daniel , Lily Weng

The main shortage of principle component analysis (PCA) based anomaly detection models is their interpretability. In this paper, our goal is to propose an interpretable PCA-based model for anomaly detection and interpretation. The propose…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2016-05-17 Xingyan Bin , Ying Zhao , Bilong Shen

Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the most widely used dimension reduction and multivariate statistical techniques. From a probabilistic perspective, PCA seeks a low-dimensional representation of data in the presence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-06 Chihao Zhang , Kuo Gai , Shihua Zhang

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a workhorse of modern data science. While PCA assumes the data conforms to Euclidean geometry, for specific data types, such as hierarchical and cyclic data structures, other spaces are more…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-11 Puoya Tabaghi , Michael Khanzadeh , Yusu Wang , Sivash Mirarab

Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) is a statistical technique used to extract common information from multiple data sources or views. It has been used in various representation learning problems, such as dimensionality reduction, word…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Benjamin Dutton

Dimensionality reduction represents a critical preprocessing step in order to increase the efficiency and the performance of many hyperspectral imaging algorithms. However, dimensionality reduction algorithms, such as the Principal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-28 E. Martel , R. Lazcano , J. Lopez , D. Madroñal , R. Salvador , S. Lopez , E. Juarez , R. Guerra , C. Sanz , R. Sarmiento

Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a classical representation learning technique for finding correlated variables in multi-view data. Several nonlinear extensions of the original linear CCA have been proposed, including kernel and deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-09 Tomer Michaeli , Weiran Wang , Karen Livescu

Principal component analysis (PCA) is arguably the most popular tool in multivariate exploratory data analysis. In this paper, we consider the question of how to handle heterogeneous variables that include continuous, binary, and ordinal.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-24 Clifford Anderson-Bergman , Tamara G. Kolda , Kina Kincher-Winoto
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