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$N$-gram language models (LM) have been largely superseded by neural LMs as the latter exhibits better performance. However, we find that $n$-gram models can achieve satisfactory performance on a large proportion of testing cases,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Huayang Li , Deng Cai , Jin Xu , Taro Watanabe

File formats specify how data is encoded for persistent storage. They cannot be formalized as context-free grammars since their specifications include context-sensitive patterns such as the random access pattern and the type-length-value…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Jialun Zhang , Greg Morrisett , Gang Tan

The analysis techniques of system log messages (syslog messages) have a long history from when the syslog mechanism was invented. Typically, the analysis consists of two parts, one is a message template generation, and the other is finding…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-11-11 Keiichi Shima

The tremendous success of Deep Learning (DL) has significantly boosted the number of open-sourced DL frameworks hosted on GitHub. Among others, performance and accuracy bugs are critical factors that affect the reputation of these DL…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Guoming Long , Tao Chen

Reversible debuggers have been developed at least since 1970. Such a feature is useful when the cause of a bug is close in time to the bug manifestation. When the cause is far back in time, one resorts to setting appropriate breakpoints in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-12-21 Kapil Arya , Tyler Denniston , Ana-Maria Visan , Gene Cooperman

Text classification is the most basic natural language processing task. It has a wide range of applications ranging from sentiment analysis to topic classification. Recently, deep learning approaches based on CNN, LSTM, and Transformers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Rutuja Taware , Shraddha Varat , Gaurav Salunke , Chaitanya Gawande , Geetanjali Kale , Rahul Khengare , Raviraj Joshi

One of the most significant challenges in the field of software code auditing is the presence of vulnerabilities in software source code. Every year, more and more software flaws are discovered, either internally in proprietary code or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Mst Shapna Akter , Hossain Shahriar , Juan Rodriguez Cardenas , Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed , Alfredo Cuzzocrea

Ensuring factual consistency between the summary and the original document is paramount in summarization tasks. Consequently, considerable effort has been dedicated to detecting inconsistencies. With the advent of Large Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Jiuding Yang , Hui Liu , Weidong Guo , Zhuwei Rao , Yu Xu , Di Niu

The bag-of-words (BOW) model is the common approach for classifying documents, where words are used as feature for training a classifier. This generally involves a huge number of features. Some techniques, such as Latent Semantic Analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-04-13 Rémi Lebret , Ronan Collobert

Large language model-specific inference engines (in short as \emph{LLM inference engines}) have become a fundamental component of modern AI infrastructure, enabling the deployment of LLM-powered applications (LLM apps) across cloud and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Mugeng Liu , Siqi Zhong , Weichen Bi , Yixuan Zhang , Zhiyang Chen , Zhenpeng Chen , Xuanzhe Liu , Yun Ma

Automatic Program Repair (APR) is a brilliant idea: when detecting a bug, also provide suggestions for correcting the program. Progress towards that goal is hindered by the absence of a common frame of reference for the multiplicity of APR…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Victoria Kananchuk , Ilgiz Mustafin , Bertrand Meyer

N-grams have been a common tool for information retrieval and machine learning applications for decades. In nearly all previous works, only a few values of $n$ are tested, with $n > 6$ being exceedingly rare. Larger values of $n$ are not…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-02 Edward Raff , William Fleming , Richard Zak , Hyrum Anderson , Bill Finlayson , Charles Nicholas , Mark McLean

Unlocking the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in data classification represents a promising frontier in natural language processing. In this work, we evaluate the performance of different LLMs in comparison with state-of-the-art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Arina Kostina , Marios D. Dikaiakos , Dimosthenis Stefanidis , George Pallis

False-positive bug reports represent a significant yet underexplored challenge in the development and maintenance of the Linux kernel. They occur when correct system behavior is mistakenly flagged as a defect, consuming developer effort…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Jiashuo Tian , Dong Wang , Chen Yang , Haichi Wang , Zan Wang , Junjie Chen

Software Categorization is the task of organizing software into groups that broadly describe the behavior of the software, such as "editors" or "science." Categorization plays an important role in several maintenance tasks, such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-06-18 Alexander LeClair , Zachary Eberhart , Collin McMillan

Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise in code generation tasks. However, their code-writing abilities are often limited in scope: while they can successfully implement simple functions, they struggle with more complex tasks. A…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Jialin Song , Jonathan Raiman , Bryan Catanzaro

Just-in-time defect prediction (JIT-DP) aims to predict the likelihood of code changes resulting in software defects at an early stage. Although code change metrics and semantic features have enhanced prediction accuracy, prior research has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Feifei Niu , Junqian Shao , Christoph Mayr-Dorn , Liguo Huang , Wesley K. G. Assunção , Chuanyi Li , Jidong Ge , Alexander Egyed

Locating bugs is an important, but effort-intensive and time-consuming task, when dealing with large-scale systems. To address this, Information Retrieval (IR) techniques are increasingly being used to suggest potential buggy source code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Abdul Razzaq , Jim Buckley , James Vincent Patten , Muslim Chochlov , Ashish Rajendra Sai

Bug triaging, the task of assigning new issues to developers, is often slow and inconsistent in large projects. We present a lightweight framework that instruction-tuned large language model (LLM) with LoRA adapters and uses…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Kiana Kiashemshaki , Arsham Khosravani , Alireza Hosseinpour , Arshia Akhavan

We present an alternative approach to creating static bug finders. Instead of relying on human expertise, we utilize deep neural networks to train static analyzers directly from data. In particular, we frame the problem of bug finding as a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Yu Wang , Fengjuan Gao , Linzhang Wang , Ke Wang
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