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The Born rule, a foundational axiom used to deduce probabilities of events from wavefunctions, is indispensable in the everyday practice of quantum physics. It is also key in the quest to reconcile the ostensibly inconsistent laws of the…

The notion of probability plays a crucial role in quantum mechanics. It appears in quantum mechanics as the Born rule. In modern mathematics which describes quantum mechanics, however, probability theory means nothing other than measure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-04 Kohtaro Tadaki

The Born rule may be stated mathematically as the rule that probabilities in quantum theory are expectation values of a complete orthogonal set of projection operators. This rule works for single laboratory settings in which the observer…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-07-22 Don N. Page

The best mathematical arguments against a realistic interpretation of quantum mechanics - that gives definite but partially unknown values to all observables - are analysed and shown to be based on reasoning that is not compelling. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Arnold Neumaier

We present a derivation of Born's rule and unitary transforms in Quantum Mechanics, from a simple set of axioms built upon a physical phenomenology of quantization. Combined to Gleason's theorem, this approach naturally leads to the usual…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-07 Alexia Auffèves , Philippe Grangier

The standard postulates of quantum theory can be divided into two groups: the first one characterizes the structure and dynamics of pure states, while the second one specifies the structure of measurements and the corresponding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-18 Thomas D. Galley , Lluis Masanes

Born's rule is the recipe for calculating probabilities from quantum mechanical amplitudes. There is no generally accepted derivation of Born's rule from first principles. In this paper, it is motivated from assumptions that link the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-05 Per Östborn

I provide a simple derivation of the Born rule as giving a classical probability, that is, the ratio of the measure of favorable states of the system to the measure of its total possible states. In classical systems, the probability is due…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Ovidiu Cristinel Stoica

QBism is one of the main candidates for an epistemic interpretation of quantum mechanics. According to QBism, the quantum state or the wavefunction represents the subjective degrees of belief of the agent assigning the state. But, although…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-27 Ali Barzegar

I argue that the rules of unitary quantum mechanics imply that observers who will themselves be subject to measurements in a linear combination of macroscopic states (``cat" measurements) cannot make reliable predictions on the results of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-22 Alexios P. Polychronakos

In ordinary situations involving a small part of the universe, Born's rule seems to work well for calculating probabilities of observations in quantum theory. However, there are a number of reasons for believing that it is not adequate for…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-10-14 Don N. Page

The notion of probability plays a crucial role in quantum mechanics. It appears in quantum mechanics as the Born rule. In modern mathematics which describes quantum mechanics, however, probability theory means nothing other than measure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-04 Kohtaro Tadaki

Probabilities in quantum theory are traditionally given by Born's rule as the expectation values of projection operators. Here it is shown that Born's rule is insufficient in universes so large that they contain identical multiple copies of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-03-15 Don N. Page

The notion of state vector is, in quantum mechanics, as central as it is problematic, as illustrates the wealth of publications about the sub- jects, including in particular the many attempts to obtain an acceptable interpretation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-07 Olivier Brunet

The subjective Bayesian interpretation of probability asserts that the rules of the probability calculus follow from the normative principle of Dutch-book coherence: A decision-making agent should not assign probabilities such that a series…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-02 John B. DeBrota , Christopher A. Fuchs , Jacques L. Pienaar , Blake C. Stacey

Five physical assumptions are proposed that together entail the general qualitative results, including the Born rule, of non-relativistic quantum mechanics by physical and information-theoretic reasoning alone. Two of these assumptions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-02-04 Chris Fields

This paper gives a thorough critique of the foundations of quantum physics in its mainstream interpretation (i.e., treating pure states as primitives, without reference to hidden variables, and without modifications of the quantum laws).…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-25 Arnold Neumaier

Bohmian mechanics represents the universe as a set of paths with a probability measure defined on it. The way in which a mathematical model of this kind can explain the observed phenomena of the universe is examined in general. It is shown…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-11-20 Bruno Galvan

The Born rule provides a fundamental connection between theory and observation in quantum mechanics, yet its origin remains a mystery. We consider this problem within the context of quantum optics using only classical physics and the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-28 Brian R. La Cour , Morgan C. Williamson

This paper shows how inference is treated within the context of Eigenlogic projection operators in linear algebra. In Eigenlogic operators represent logical connectives, their eigenvalues the truth-values and the associated eigenvectors the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-17 François Dubois , Zeno Toffano