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Related papers: What is Neptune's D/H ratio really telling us abou…

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Sub-Neptune planets, with sizes and masses between those of Earth and Neptune, dominate the exoplanet population. Sub-Neptunes are expected to be the most diverse family of the exoplanet population, potentially including rocky gas dwarfs,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-24 Nikku Madhusudhan , Måns Holmberg , Savvas Constantinou , Gregory J. Cooke

We have evolved 10,000 solar models using 21 input parameters that are randomly drawn for each model from separate probability distributions for every parameter. We use the results of these models to determine the theoretical uncertainties…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 John N. Bahcall , Aldo M. Serenelli , Sarbani Basu

The composition of meteoritic material delivered to the terrestrial planets after the end of core formation as late accretion remains contentious. Because the evolution of Venus' atmospheric composition is likely to be less intricate than…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-10-15 C. Gillmann , G. J. Golabek , S. N. Raymond , M. Schonbachler , P. J. Tackley , V. Dehant , V. Debaille

Jupiter's atmosphere has been observed to be depleted in helium (Yatm~0.24), suggesting active helium sedimentation in the interior. This is accounted for in standard Jupiter structure and evolution models through the assumption of an…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 N. Nettelmann , J. J. Fortney , K. Moore , C. Mankovich

One of the key goals of exoplanet science is the atmospheric characterisation of super-Earths. Atmospheric abundances provide insight on the formation and evolution of those planets and help to put our own rocky planets in context.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-12-19 Yamila Miguel

Giant planets are thought to have cores in their deep interiors, and the division into a heavy-element core and hydrogen-helium envelope is applied in both formation and structure models. We show that the primordial internal structure…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-05-03 Ravit Helled , David Stevenson

Context. Planetary mass and radius data are showing a wide variety in densities of low-mass exoplanets. This includes sub-Neptunes, whose low densities can be explained with the presence of a volatile-rich layer. Water is one of the most…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-03-10 Lorena Acuña , Magali Deleuil , Olivier Mousis , Emmanuel Marcq , Maëva Levesque , Artyom Aguichine

The Sun is believed to have been the recipient of a substantial amount of metal-rich material over the course of its evolution, particularly in the early stages of the Solar System. With a long diffusion timescale, the majority of this…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 R. A. Winnick , Pierre Demarque , Sarbani Basu , D. B. Guenther

The amount and distribution of heavy elements in Jupiter gives indications on the process of its formation and evolution. Core mass and metallicity predictions however depend on the equations of state used, and on model assumptions. We…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2012-05-04 Nadine Nettelmann , Andreas Becker , Bastian Holst , Ronald Redmer

Hydrogen-helium mixtures at conditions of Jupiter's interior are studied with first-principles computer simulations. The resulting equation of state (EOS) implies that Jupiter possesses a central core of 14-18 Earth masses of heavier…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 B. Militzer , W. B. Hubbard , J. Vorberger , I. Tamblyn , S. A. Bonev

The discovery of short-period Neptune-mass objects, now including the remarkable system HD69830 (Lovis et al. 2006) with three Neptune analogues, raises difficult questions about current formation models which may require a global treatment…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-14 D. S. McNeil , R. P. Nelson

We report observations of the recently discovered warm Neptune TOI-674 b (5.25 \rearth{}, 23.6 \mearth{}) with the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Camera 3 instrument. TOI-674 b is in the Neptune desert, an observed paucity of…

Hydrogen, helium, silicates, and iron are key building blocks of rocky and gas-rich planets, yet their chemical interactions remain poorly constrained. Using first-principles molecular dynamics and thermodynamic integration, we quantify…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-30 Akash Gupta , Haiyang Luo , Jie Deng , Adam Burrows

While standard solar model (SSM) predictions depend on approximately 20 input parameters, SSM neutrino flux predictions are strongly correlated with a single model output parameter, the core temperature $T_c$. Consequently, one can extract…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-12 Aldo Serenelli , Carlos Pena-Garay , W. C. Haxton

The internal structures of Uranus and Neptune remain unknown. In addition, sub-Neptunes are now thought to be the most common type of exoplanets. Understanding the physical processes that govern the interiors of such planets is therefore…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-19 Saburo Howard , Ravit Helled , Armin Bergermann , Ronald Redmer

The interior structure of the Sun can be studied with great accuracy using observations of its oscillations, similar to seismology of the Earth. Precise agreement between helioseismological measurements and predictions of theoretical solar…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Jeremy J. Drake Paola Testa

The deuterium to hydrogen ratio in water ice in a planetary body carries important information on the history of water processing and delivery in the protostellar nebula. For a giant planet satellite, the D/H ratio is also affected by the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-17 Michael E. Brown , Samantha K. Trumbo , M. Ryleigh Davis , Swaroop Chandra

Temperate sub-Neptunes are compelling targets for detecting liquid-water oceans beyond the Solar System. If water-rich and lacking massive hydrogen-helium envelopes, these planets could sustain liquid layers beneath their atmospheres…

Recent observations of solar twin stars with planetary systems like the Sun, have uncovered that these present a peculiar surface chemical composition. This is believed to be related to the formation of earth-like planets. This suggests…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2013-10-01 Ilidio Lopes , Joseph Silk