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Multi-hop retrieval is not a single-step relevance problem: later-hop evidence should be ranked by its utility conditioned on retrieved bridge evidence, not by similarity to the original query alone. We present BridgeRAG, a training-free,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Andre Bacellar

We show, to our knowledge, the first theoretical treatments of two common questions in cross-validation based hyperparameter selection: (1) After selecting the best hyperparameter using a held-out set, we train the final model using {\em…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Parikshit Ram , Alexander G. Gray , Horst C. Samulowitz , Gregory Bramble

In traditional k-fold cross-validation, each instance is used ($k-1$) times for training and once for testing, leading to redundancy that lets many instances disproportionately influence the learning phase. We introduce Irredundant $k$-fold…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Jesus S. Aguilar-Ruiz

Regression uses supervised machine learning to find a model that combines several independent variables to predict a dependent variable based on ground truth (labeled) data, i.e., tuples of independent and dependent variables (labels).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Maria Ulan , Welf Löwe , Morgan Ericsson , Anna Wingkvist

Test-time augmentation -- the aggregation of predictions across transformed versions of a test input -- is a common practice in image classification. Traditionally, predictions are combined using a simple average. In this paper, we present…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Divya Shanmugam , Davis Blalock , Guha Balakrishnan , John Guttag

Cross validation is commonly used for selecting tuning parameters in penalized regression, but its use in penalized Cox regression models has received relatively little attention in the literature. Due to its partial likelihood…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-13 Biyue Dai , Patrick Breheny

In the network literature, a wide range of statistical models has been proposed to exploit structural patterns in the data. Therefore, model selection between different models is a fundamental problem. However, there remains a lack of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-05 Bokai Yang , Yuanxing Chen , Yuhong Yang

This paper begins with a general theory of error in cross-validation testing of algorithms for supervised learning from examples. It is assumed that the examples are described by attribute-value pairs, where the values are symbolic.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Peter D. Turney

We introduce a new cross-validation method based on an equicorrelated Gaussian randomization scheme. Our method is well-suited for problems where sample splitting is infeasible, either because the data violate the assumption of independent…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-10 Sifan Liu , Snigdha Panigrahi , Jake A. Soloff

Unsupervised representation learning with contrastive learning achieved great success. This line of methods duplicate each training batch to construct contrastive pairs, making each training batch and its augmented version forwarded…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Pengguang Chen , Shu Liu , Jiaya Jia

We consider the problem of estimating the parameters of the covariance function of a Gaussian process by cross-validation. We suggest using new cross-validation criteria derived from the literature of scoring rules. We also provide an…

Computation · Statistics 2020-08-07 Sébastien Petit , Julien Bect , Sébastien da Veiga , Paul Feliot , Emmanuel Vazquez

Cross-validation (CV) is a popular approach for assessing and selecting predictive models. However, when the number of folds is large, CV suffers from a need to repeatedly refit a learning procedure on a large number of training datasets.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-12 Ashia Wilson , Maximilian Kasy , Lester Mackey

We introduce a novel view to understand how dropout works as an inexplicit ensemble learning method, which doesn't point out how many and which nodes to learn a certain feature. We propose a new training method named internal node bagging,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-24 Shun Yi

The correct use of model evaluation, model selection, and algorithm selection techniques is vital in academic machine learning research as well as in many industrial settings. This article reviews different techniques that can be used for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Sebastian Raschka

Graph aggregation is the process of computing a single output graph that constitutes a good compromise between several input graphs, each provided by a different source. One needs to perform graph aggregation in a wide variety of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Ulle Endriss , Umberto Grandi

Due to the privacy protection or the difficulty of data collection, we cannot observe individual outputs for each instance, but we can observe aggregated outputs that are summed over multiple instances in a set in some real-world…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-05 Tomoharu Iwata

Ensemble learning has gained success in machine learning with major advantages over other learning methods. Bagging is a prominent ensemble learning method that creates subgroups of data, known as bags, that are trained by individual…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Giang Ngo , Rodney Beard , Rohitash Chandra

Hyperparameter tuning plays a crucial role in optimizing the performance of predictive learners. Cross--validation (CV) is a widely adopted technique for estimating the error of different hyperparameter settings. Repeated cross-validation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Giovanni Maria Merola

Bootstrap aggregating (bagging) is an effective ensemble protocol, which is believed can enhance robustness by its majority voting mechanism. Recent works further prove the sample-wise robustness certificates for certain forms of bagging…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Ruoxin Chen , Zenan Li , Jie Li , Chentao Wu , Junchi Yan

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a popular algorithm for reinforcement learning with large language models (LLMs). However, upon analyzing its clipping mechanism, we argue that it is suboptimal in certain scenarios.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Chi Liu , Xin Chen