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Very massive stars (VMS) dominate the light of young stellar populations and are sources of intense stellar feedback. Their evolution is mainly driven by strong wind mass loss, yet current evolution models make simplistic assumptions on…

Clouds are ubiquitous in extrasolar planet atmospheres and are critical to our understanding of planetary climate and chemistry. They also represent one of the greater challenges to overcome when trying to interpret transit transmission…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-10-09 Chuhong Mai , Michael R. Line

We review several aspects of the calculation of exoplanet model atmospheres in the current era, with a focus on understanding the temperature-pressure profiles of atmospheres and their emitted spectra. Most of the focus is on gas giant…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-04-24 Jonathan J. Fortney

We explore how well James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) spectra will likely constrain bulk atmospheric properties of transiting exoplanets. We start by modeling the atmospheres of archetypal hot Jupiter, warm Neptune, warm sub-Neptune, and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-01-27 Thomas P. Greene , Michael R. Line , Cezar Montero , Jonathan J. Fortney , Jacob Lustig-Yeager , Kyle Luther

M-dwarfs are emerging in the literature as promising targets for detecting low-mass, Earth-like planets. An important step in this process is to determine the stellar parameters of the M-dwarf host star as accurately as possible. Different…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 I. Bozhinova , Ch. Helling , A. Scholz

Context. The crust composition of rocky exoplanets with a substantial atmosphere can not be observed directly. However, recent developments start to allow the observation and characterisation of their atmospheres. Aims. We aim to establish…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-02 Oliver Herbort , Leon Sereinig

What kind of environment may exist on terrestrial planets around other stars? In spite of the lack of direct observations, it may not be premature to speculate on exoplanetary climates, for instance to optimize future telescopic…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-17 Francois Forget , Jeremy Leconte

Clouds are an integral part of planetary atmospheres, with most planets hosting clouds. The understanding of not only the formation, but also the composition of clouds is crucial to the understanding of future observations. As observations…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-14 Oliver Herbort , Peter Woitke , Christiane Helling , Aubrey L. Zerkle

Future instruments like NIRCam and MIRI on JWST or METIS at the ELT will be able to image exoplanets that are too faint for current direct imaging instruments. Evolutionary models predicting the planetary intrinsic luminosity as a function…

Brown dwarfs and exoplanets provide unique atmospheric regimes that hold information about their formation routes and evolutionary states. Modelling mineral cloud particle formation is key to prepare for missions and instruments like…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-07-13 Dominic Samra , Christiane Helling , Tilman Birnstiel

We present a publicly available library of model atmospheres with radiative-convective equilibrium Pressure-Temperature ($P$-$T$) profiles fully consistent with equilibrium chemical abundances, and the corresponding emission and…

One of the frontier research fields of exoplanetary science is the study of the composition and variability of exoplanetary atmospheres. This field is now moving from the gas giant planets towards the smaller and colder telluric planets,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-17 Monica Rainer , Evandro Balbi , Francesco Borsa , Paola Cianfarra , Avet Harutyunyan , Silvano Tosi

Little is known about the interaction between atmospheres and crusts of exoplanets so far, but future space missions and ground-based instruments are expected to detect molecular features in the spectra of hot rocky exoplanets. We aim to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-04-22 Oliver Herbort , Peter Woitke , Christiane Helling , Aubrey Zerkle

Aims: ARCiS, a novel code for the analysis of exoplanet transmission and emission spectra is presented. The aim of the modelling framework is to provide a tool able to link observations to physical models of exoplanet atmospheres. Methods:…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-10-07 Michiel Min , Chris W. Ormel , Katy Chubb , Christiane Helling , Yui Kawashima

In the present series of papers we propose a consistent description of the mass loss process. To study the effects of intrinsic magnetic field of a close-orbit giant exoplanet (so-called Hot Jupiter) on the atmospheric material escape and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-12 I. F. Shaikhislamov , M. L. Khodachenko , Yu. L. Sasunov , H. Lammer , K. G. Kislyakova , N. V. Erkaev

Context: A new generation of instruments (e.g., JWST, ELTs, PLATO and Ariel) is providing atmospheric spectra and mass/radius measurements for large exoplanet populations, challenging planetary models used to interpret these findings. Aims:…

We present a new generation of substellar atmosphere and evolution models, appropriate for application to studies of L, T, and Y-type brown dwarfs and self-luminous extrasolar planets. The atmosphere models describe the expected…

Neptune-size exoplanets are less studied as characterizing their atmospheres presents challenges due to their relatively small radius and atmospheric scale height. As the most common outcome of planet formation, these planets are crucial…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-04 Dwaipayan Dubey , Liton Majumdar , Charles Beichman , Geoffrey A. Blake , Gautam Vasisht , Thomas Henning

The last few years has seen a dramatic increase in the number of exoplanets known and in the range of methods for characterising their atmospheric properties. At the same time, new discoveries of increasingly cooler brown dwarfs have pushed…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 Jeremy Bailey

Transit spectroscopy is a powerful tool for probing atmospheric structures of exoplanets. Accurately accounting for the effects of aerosols is key to reconstructing atmospheric properties from transit spectra, yet this remains a significant…