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We measure how effective Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) are at protecting users from website fingerprinting. Our measurements use both experimental and observational methods. Experimental methods allow control, precision, and use on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Amit Datta , Jianan Lu , Michael Carl Tschantz

A passive local eavesdropper can leverage Website Fingerprinting (WF) to deanonymize the web browsing activity of Tor users. The value of timing information to WF has often been discounted in recent works due to the volatility of low-level…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Mohammad Saidur Rahman , Payap Sirinam , Nate Mathews , Kantha Girish Gangadhara , Matthew Wright

Website fingerprinting attacks enable an adversary to infer which website a victim is visiting, even if the victim uses an encrypting proxy, such as Tor. Previous work has shown that all proposed defenses against website fingerprinting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-01-24 Xiang Cai , Rishab Nithyanand , Rob Johnson

Website Fingerprinting (WFP) has traditionally focused on inferring which website a user visits from encrypted traffic metadata such as packet sizes and timing. In this paper, we identify and quantify a new privacy risk in modern web…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Chuxu Song , Hao Wang , Richard Martin

Many IoT devices are vulnerable to attacks due to flawed security designs and lacking mechanisms for firmware updates or patches to eliminate the security vulnerabilities. Device-type identification combined with data from vulnerability…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Jakob Greis , Artem Yushchenko , Daniel Vogel , Michael Meier , Volker Steinhage

Website fingerprinting attack (WFA) aims to deanonymize the website a user is visiting through anonymous networks channels (e.g., Tor). Despite of remarkable progress in the past years, most existing methods make implicitly a couple of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Mantun Chen , Yongxin Chen , Yongjun Wang , Peidai Xie , Shaojing Fu , Xiatian Zhu

Tor is a widely used anonymity network that conceals user identities by routing traffic through encrypted relays, yet it remains vulnerable to traffic correlation attacks that deanonymize users by matching patterns in ingress and egress…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Binghui Wu , Dinil Mon Divakaran , Levente Csikor , Mohan Gurusamy

Although the security benefits of domain name encryption technologies such as DNS over TLS (DoT), DNS over HTTPS (DoH), and Encrypted Client Hello (ECH) are clear, their positive impact on user privacy is weakened by--the still exposed--IP…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Nguyen Phong Hoang , Arian Akhavan Niaki , Phillipa Gill , Michalis Polychronakis

Tor users are vulnerable to deanonymization by an adversary that can observe some Tor relays or some parts of the network. We demonstrate that previous network-aware path-selection algorithms that propose to solve this problem are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-01-30 Aaron Johnson , Rob Jansen , Aaron D. Jaggard , Joan Feigenbaum , Paul Syverson

Website fingerprinting enables an eavesdropper to determine which websites a user is visiting over an encrypted connection. State-of-the-art website fingerprinting (WF) attacks have demonstrated effectiveness even against Tor-protected…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Xinhao Deng , Xiyuan Zhao , Qilei Yin , Zhuotao Liu , Qi Li , Mingwei Xu , Ke Xu , Jianping Wu

With more encrypted network traffic gets involved in the Internet, how to effectively identify network traffic has become a top priority in the field. Accurate identification of the network traffic is the footstone of basic network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Yi Zeng , Zihao Qi , Wencheng Chen , Yanzhe Huang , Xingxin Zheng , Han Qiu

The Tor anonymity network has been shown vulnerable to traffic analysis attacks by autonomous systems and Internet exchanges, which can observe different overlay hops belonging to the same circuit. We aim to determine whether network path…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-03-05 Joshua Juen , Aaron Johnson , Anupam Das , Nikita Borisov , Matthew Caesar

Website fingerprinting (WF) attacks, which covertly monitor user communications to identify the web pages they visit, pose a serious threat to user privacy. Existing WF defenses attempt to reduce attack accuracy by disrupting traffic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Siyuan Liang , Jiajun Gong , Tianmeng Fang , Aishan Liu , Tao Wang , Xiaochun Cao , Dacheng Tao , Ee-Chien Chang

Tor is a low-latency anonymous communication network that protects user privacy by encrypting website traffic. However, recent website fingerprinting (WF) attacks have shown that encrypted traffic can still leak users' visited websites by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yuhao Pan , Wenchao Xu , Fushuo Huo , Haozhao Wang , Xiucheng Wang , Nan Cheng

Browser fingerprinting is a stateless tracking technique that attempts to combine information exposed by multiple different web APIs to create a unique identifier for tracking users across the web. Over the last decade, trackers have abused…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Pouneh Nikkhah Bahrami , Umar Iqbal , Zubair Shafiq

Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which dramatically alter model output using small input changes. We propose Neural Fingerprinting, a simple, yet effective method to detect adversarial examples by verifying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Sumanth Dathathri , Stephan Zheng , Tianwei Yin , Richard M. Murray , Yisong Yue

Website Fingerprinting (WF) attacks aim to infer which websites a user is visiting by analyzing traffic patterns, thereby compromising user anonymity. Although this technique has been demonstrated to be effective in controlled experimental…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Yali Yuan , Weiyi Zou , Guang Cheng

Network traffic analysis using AI (machine learning and deep learning) models made significant progress over the past decades. Traffic analysis addresses various challenging problems in network security, ranging from detection of anomalies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Dinil Mon Divakaran

Modern web applications are dominated by HTTP/HTTPS messages that consist of one or more headers, where most of the exploits and payloads can be injected by attackers. According to the OWASP, the 80 percent of the web attacks are done…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Tikam Alma , Manik Lal Das

Browser fingerprinting is the identification of a browser through the network traffic captured during communication between the browser and server. This can be done using the HTTP protocol, browser extensions, and other methods. This paper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Sandhya Aneja , Nagender Aneja