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We identify various classes of neural networks that are able to approximate continuous functions locally uniformly subject to fixed global linear growth constraints. For such neural networks the associated neural stochastic differential…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-03-24 Anna P. Kwossek , David J. Prömel , Josef Teichmann

In this paper, a universal approximation theorem (UAT) for shallow neural networks whose inputs belong to a topological vector space (TVS) and whose outputs take values in a Hausdorff locally convex TVS is established. The networks are…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Sachin Saini

The classical universal approximation (UA) theorem for neural networks establishes mild conditions under which a feedforward neural network can approximate a continuous function $f$ with arbitrary accuracy. A recent result shows that neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Geonho Hwang , Wonyeol Lee , Yeachan Park , Sejun Park , Feras Saad

How can local-search methods such as stochastic gradient descent (SGD) avoid bad local minima in training multi-layer neural networks? Why can they fit random labels even given non-convex and non-smooth architectures? Most existing theory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Zeyuan Allen-Zhu , Yuanzhi Li , Zhao Song

We propose a new algorithm to learn a one-hidden-layer convolutional neural network where both the convolutional weights and the outputs weights are parameters to be learned. Our algorithm works for a general class of (potentially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Simon S. Du , Surbhi Goel

Two networks are equivalent if they produce the same output for any given input. In this paper, we study the possibility of transforming a deep neural network to another network with a different number of units or layers, which can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Abhinav Kumar , Thiago Serra , Srikumar Ramalingam

Deep learning employs multi-layer neural networks trained via the backpropagation algorithm. This approach has achieved success across many domains and relies on adaptive gradient methods such as the Adam optimizer. Sequence modeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Esmail Gumaan

In this paper we investigate the family of functions representable by deep neural networks (DNN) with rectified linear units (ReLU). We give an algorithm to train a ReLU DNN with one hidden layer to *global optimality* with runtime…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-01 Raman Arora , Amitabh Basu , Poorya Mianjy , Anirbit Mukherjee

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) have emerged as a leading strategy to establish applications in machine learning, chemistry, and optimization. While the applications of QNN have been widely investigated, its theoretical foundation remains…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-16 Zhan Yu , Hongshun Yao , Mujin Li , Xin Wang

Low precision weights, activations, and gradients have been proposed as a way to improve the computational efficiency and memory footprint of deep neural networks. Recently, low precision networks have even shown to be more robust to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-04 Griffin Lacey , Graham W. Taylor , Shawki Areibi

In conventional formulations of multilayer feedforward neural networks, the individual layers are customarily defined by explicit functions. In this paper we demonstrate that defining individual layers in a neural network \emph{implicitly}…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-04 Qianggong Zhang , Yanyang Gu , Michalkiewicz Mateusz , Mahsa Baktashmotlagh , Anders Eriksson

Despite its long history, Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) and variational training remain underused in practice: standard Gaussian posteriors misalign with network geometry, KL terms can be brittle in high dimensions, and implementations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Carlos Stein Brito

In this paper, we aim at developing scalable neural network-type learning systems. Motivated by the idea of "constructive neural networks" in approximation theory, we focus on "constructing" rather than "training" feed-forward neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-03 Shaobo Lin , Jinshan Zeng , Xiaoqin Zhang

We investigate the computational complexity of neural network verification in quantised settings. We distinguish three classes of Feedforward Neural Networks (FNNs): rational FNNs with exact rational weights, quantised FNNs whose weights…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Eric Alsmann , Martin Lange , Marco Sälzer

Equivariant neural networks provide a principled framework for incorporating symmetry into learning architectures and have been extensively analyzed through the lens of their separation power, that is, the ability to distinguish inputs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Marco Pacini , Gabriele Santin , Bruno Lepri , Shubhendu Trivedi

We describe a novel family of models of multi- layer feedforward neural networks in which the activation functions are encoded via penalties in the training problem. Our approach is based on representing a non-decreasing activation function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-22 Armin Askari , Geoffrey Negiar , Rajiv Sambharya , Laurent El Ghaoui

Compared with cheap addition operation, multiplication operation is of much higher computation complexity. The widely-used convolutions in deep neural networks are exactly cross-correlation to measure the similarity between input feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Hanting Chen , Yunhe Wang , Chang Xu , Chao Xu , Chunjing Xu , Tong Zhang

Feedforward neural networks (FNNs) are typically viewed as pure prediction algorithms, and their strong predictive performance has led to their use in many machine-learning applications. However, their flexibility comes with an…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-15 Andrew McInerney , Kevin Burke

Neural networks have shown high successful performance in a wide range of tasks, but further studies are needed to improve its performance. We analyze the approximation error of the specific neural network architecture with a local…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-04 Jae-Mo Kang , Sunghwan Moon

Neural Networks (NNs) are the method of choice for building learning algorithms. Their popularity stems from their empirical success on several challenging learning problems. However, most scholars agree that a convincing theoretical…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-01-01 Ronald DeVore , Boris Hanin , Guergana Petrova