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Most of the weights in a Lightweight Neural Network have a value of zero, while the remaining ones are either +1 or -1. These universal approximators require approximately 1.1 bits/weight of storage, posses a quick forward pass and achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-18 Altaf H. Khan

A very popular model in machine learning is the feedforward neural network (FFN). The FFN can approximate general functions and mitigate the curse of dimensionality. Here we introduce FFNs which represent sections of holomorphic line…

Complex Variables · Mathematics 2021-05-11 Michael R. Douglas

Universal approximation theorems provide a mathematical explanation for the expressive power of neural networks. They assert that, under mild conditions on the activation function, feedforward neural networks are dense in broad function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Soumendu Sundar Mukherjee , Himasish Talukdar

We investigate the concept of Best Approximation for Feedforward Neural Networks (FNN) and explore their convergence properties through the lens of Random Projection (RPNNs). RPNNs have predetermined and fixed, once and for all, internal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Gianluca Fabiani

Single hidden layer feedforward neural networks can represent multivariate functions that are sums of ridge functions. These ridge functions are defined via an activation function and customizable weights. The paper deals with best…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-11-24 Steffen Goebbels

This work studies approximation based on single-hidden-layer feedforward and recurrent neural networks with randomly generated internal weights. These methods, in which only the last layer of weights and a few hyperparameters are optimized,…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-02-17 Lukas Gonon , Lyudmila Grigoryeva , Juan-Pablo Ortega

Neural networks (NNs) are known for their high predictive accuracy in complex learning problems. Beside practical advantages, NNs also indicate favourable theoretical properties such as universal approximation (UA) theorems. Binarized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Mikail Yayla , Mario Günzel , Burim Ramosaj , Jian-Jia Chen

The approximation power of general feedforward neural networks with piecewise linear activation functions is investigated. First, lower bounds on the size of a network are established in terms of the approximation error and network depth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Mohammad Mehrabi , Aslan Tchamkerten , Mansoor I. Yousefi

We present an explicit construction for feedforward neural network (FNN), which provides a piecewise constant approximation for multivariate functions. The proposed FNN has two hidden layers, where the weights and thresholds are explicitly…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-08-23 Kailiang Wu , Dongbin Xiu

George Cybenko's landmark 1989 paper showed that there exists a feedforward neural network, with exactly one hidden layer (and a finite number of neurons), that can arbitrarily approximate a given continuous function $f$ on the unit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Elliott Zaresky-Williams

In a function approximation with a neural network, an input dataset is mapped to an output index by optimizing the parameters of each hidden-layer unit. For a unary function, we present constraints on the parameters and its second…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-22 Masayo Inoue , Mana Futamura , Hirokazu Ninomiya

It is well-known that neural networks are universal approximators, but that deeper networks tend in practice to be more powerful than shallower ones. We shed light on this by proving that the total number of neurons $m$ required to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-30 David Rolnick , Max Tegmark

This paper extends the universal approximation property of single-hidden-layer feedforward neural networks beyond compact domains, which is of particular interest for the approximation within weighted $C^k$-spaces and weighted Sobolev…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-08 Ariel Neufeld , Philipp Schmocker

We present the Input-Connected Multilayer Perceptron (IC-MLP), a feedforward neural network architecture in which each hidden neuron receives, in addition to the outputs of the preceding layer, a direct affine connection from the raw input.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Vugar Ismailov

This paper develops simple feed-forward neural networks that achieve the universal approximation property for all continuous functions with a fixed finite number of neurons. These neural networks are simple because they are designed with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

In this paper, feedforward neural networks are presented that have nonlinear weight functions based on look--up tables, that are specially smoothed in a regularization called the diffusion. The idea of such a type of networks is based on…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Artur Rataj

This paper quantitatively characterizes the approximation power of deep feed-forward neural networks (FNNs) in terms of the number of neurons. It is shown by construction that ReLU FNNs with width $\mathcal{O}\big(\max\{d\lfloor…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-01-15 Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

We study the approximation of shift-invariant or equivariant functions by deep fully convolutional networks from the dynamical systems perspective. We prove that deep residual fully convolutional networks and their continuous-layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Ting Lin , Zuowei Shen , Qianxiao Li

This paper studies the approximation capabilities of neural networks that combine layer normalization (LN) with linear layers. We prove that networks consisting of two linear layers with parallel layer normalizations (PLNs) inserted between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yunhao Ni , Yuxin Guo , Yuhe Liu , Wenxin Sun , Jie Luo , Wenjun Wu , Lei Huang

In this paper we consider the limiting case of neural networks (NNs) architectures when the number of neurons in each hidden layer and the number of hidden layers tend to infinity thus forming a continuum, and we derive approximation errors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Christophe Prieur , Mircea Lazar , Bogdan Robu