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Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and its variants have established themselves as the go-to algorithms for large-scale machine learning problems with independent samples due to their generalization performance and intrinsic computational…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-25 Hao Chen , Lili Zheng , Raed Al Kontar , Garvesh Raskutti

While Gaussian processes (GPs) are the method of choice for regression tasks, they also come with practical difficulties, as inference cost scales cubic in time and quadratic in memory. In this paper, we introduce a natural and expressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Martin Trapp , Robert Peharz , Carl E. Rasmussen , Franz Pernkopf

Gaussian process ($GP$) regression is a widely used non-parametric modeling tool, but its cubic complexity in the training size limits its use on massive data sets. A practical remedy is to predict using only the nearest neighbours of each…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-09 Robert Allison , Tomasz Maciazek , Anthony Stephenson

Gaussian Process (GPs) models are a rich distribution over functions with inductive biases controlled by a kernel function. Learning occurs through the optimisation of kernel hyperparameters using the marginal likelihood as the objective.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-22 Fergus Simpson , Vidhi Lalchand , Carl Edward Rasmussen

Gaussian processes (GPs) provide a probabilistic nonparametric representation of functions in regression, classification, and other problems. Unfortunately, exact learning with GPs is intractable for large datasets. A variety of approximate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-03-19 Yuan , Qi , Ahmed H. Abdel-Gawad , Thomas P. Minka

We study how the posterior contraction rate under a Gaussian process (GP) prior depends on the intrinsic dimension of the predictors and the smoothness of the regression function. An open question is whether a generic GP prior that does not…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-06-26 Tao Tang , Nan Wu , Xiuyuan Cheng , David Dunson

Sparse variational Gaussian process (GP) approximations based on inducing points have become the de facto standard for scaling GPs to large datasets, owing to their theoretical elegance, computational efficiency, and ease of implementation.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-14 Thang D. Bui , Matthew Ashman , Richard E. Turner

Gaussian processes (GPs) are an important tool in machine learning and statistics with applications ranging from social and natural science through engineering. They constitute a powerful kernelized non-parametric method with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-20 Manuel Schürch , Dario Azzimonti , Alessio Benavoli , Marco Zaffalon

Due to their flexibility, Gaussian processes (GPs) have been widely used in nonparametric function estimation. A prior information about the underlying function is often available. For instance, the physical system (computer model output)…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-11-21 Hassan Maatouk

We study the posterior contraction rates of a Bayesian method with Gaussian process priors in nonparametric regression and its plug-in property for differential operators. For a general class of kernels, we establish convergence rates of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-12-01 Zejian Liu , Meng Li

Gaussian Processes (GPs) are powerful non-parametric Bayesian regression models that allow exact posterior inference, but exhibit high computational and memory costs. In order to improve scalability of GPs, approximate posterior inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Martin Trapp , Robert Peharz , Franz Pernkopf , Carl E. Rasmussen

We rigorously prove that deep Gaussian process priors can outperform Gaussian process priors if the target function has a compositional structure. To this end, we study information-theoretic lower bounds for posterior contraction rates for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-28 Matteo Giordano , Kolyan Ray , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

Gaussian processes (GPs) enable principled computation of model uncertainty, making them attractive for safety-critical applications. Such scenarios demand that GP decisions are not only accurate, but also robust to perturbations. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Andrea Patane , Arno Blaas , Luca Laurenti , Luca Cardelli , Stephen Roberts , Marta Kwiatkowska

The frequentist behavior of nonparametric Bayes estimates, more specifically, rates of contraction of the posterior distributions to shrinking $L^r$-norm neighborhoods, $1\le r\le\infty$, of the unknown parameter, are studied. A theorem for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-03-12 Evarist Giné , Richard Nickl

Gaussian Process (GP) regression is shown to be effective for learning unknown dynamics, enabling efficient and safety-aware control strategies across diverse applications. However, existing GP-based model predictive control (GP-MPC)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-13 Manish Prajapat , Johannes Köhler , Amon Lahr , Andreas Krause , Melanie N. Zeilinger

To enable closed form conditioning, a common assumption in Gaussian process (GP) regression is independent and identically distributed Gaussian observation noise. This strong and simplistic assumption is often violated in practice, which…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-04 Matias Altamirano , François-Xavier Briol , Jeremias Knoblauch

In this paper we introduce a novel model for Gaussian process (GP) regression in the fully Bayesian setting. Motivated by the ideas of sparsification, localization and Bayesian additive modeling, our model is built around a recursive…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-06-06 Hengrui Luo , Giovanni Nattino , Matthew T. Pratola

We provide guarantees for approximate Gaussian Process (GP) regression resulting from two common low-rank kernel approximations: based on random Fourier features, and based on truncating the kernel's Mercer expansion. In particular, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-22 Constantinos Daskalakis , Petros Dellaportas , Aristeidis Panos

We provide guarantees for approximate Gaussian Process (GP) regression resulting from two common low-rank kernel approximations: based on random Fourier features, and based on truncating the kernel's Mercer expansion. In particular, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-16 Constantinos Daskalakis , Petros Dellaportas , Aristeidis Panos

This research proposes a flexible Bayesian extension of the composite Gaussian process (CGP) model of Ba and Joseph (2012) for predicting (stationary or) non-stationary $y(\mathbf{x})$. The CGP generalizes the regression plus stationary…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-06-27 Casey B. Davis , Christopher M. Hans , Thomas J. Santner