Related papers: Non-Standard Heavy Mesons and Baryons, an Experime…
Heavy quarks provide a new dimension to QCD, allowing tests of fundamental theory, the nature of color confinement, and the production of new exotic multiquark states. I also discuss novel explanations for several apparently anomalous…
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with a general number of colors, $\Nc$, provides a powerful theoretical laboratory to explore the dynamics of non-Abelian gauge theories. Although $\Nc =3$ does not look a large number, the $1/\Nc$ expansion…
Recent studies based on non-perturbative lattice Monte-Carlo solutions of Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of strong interactions, demonstrated that at high temperature there is a phase change from confined hadronic matter to a deconfined…
This chapter, to appear in the section on QCD under extreme conditions within the Encyclopedia of Nuclear Physics, aims to provide a pedagogical introduction to the physics of quarks and gluons in the presence of high temperature, nonzero…
Holographic QCD is an extra-dimensional approach to modeling hadrons, the bound states of the strong interactions. In holographic models, the extra spatial dimension creates a waveguide for fields, and the discrete towers of modes…
With discovery of the Higgs boson, the Standard Model of Particle Physics became complete. Its formulation is a remarkable story; and the process of verification is continuing, with the most important chapter being the least well…
The complex patterns of the hadronic spectrum have puzzled physicists since the early discovery of the "particle zoo" in the 1960s. Today, the properties of these myriad particles are understood to be the result of quantum chromodynamics…
The strange quark plays a unique role in QCD, reflecting its intermediate mass between the light and heavy quarks. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the spectroscopy of baryons with strangeness. Many new features of the…
After the discovery of the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), many experimental and theoretical efforts have been made to investigate physics issues involved in ultra relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The fundamental goal of this work is to…
This review will be concerned with our knowledge of extended matter under the governance of strong interaction, in short: QCD matter. Strictly speaking, the hadrons are representing the first layer of extended QCD architecture. In fact we…
Since QCD is believed to be the underlying theory of the strong interaction, it is appropriate to study techniques that take into account more features of its rich and complex structure. We begin by discussing aspects of physics that are…
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the strong interactions. We review descriptions of hadronic systems motivated by QCD, analyzing the recent controversy between gluonic and bosonic degrees of freedom under the prism of the…
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes how hadrons are built from quarks and gluons via the strong interaction. Many predictions have been experimentally confirmed, but others remain under experimental investigation. Of…
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase diagram is usually plotted as temperature (T) versus the chemical potential associated with the conserved baryon number (\mu_{B}). Two fundamental properties of QCD, related to confinement and chiral…
The vast majority of mesons can be understood as quark-antiquark states. Yet, various other possibilities exists: glueballs (bound-state of gluons), hybrids (quark-antiquark plus gluon), and four-quark states (either as diquark-antidiquark…
The QCD string model is employed to evaluate the masses of orbitally and radially excited heavy-light mesons and lightest hybrids in the spectrum of charmonium and bottomonium. The number of parameters of the model is reduced to only seven…
Systems with the quantum numbers of up to twelve charged and neutral pseudoscalar mesons, as well as one-, two-, and three-nucleon systems, are studied using dynamical lattice quantum chromodynamics and quantum electrodynamics (QCD+QED)…
Nonperturbative QCD approach is systematically derived starting from the QCD Lagrangian. Treating spin effects as a perturbation, one obtains the universal effective Hamiltonian describing mesons, hybrids and glueballs. Constituent mass of…
The theory of Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD) reproduces the strong interaction at distances much shorter than the size of the nucleon. At larger distance scales, the generation of hadron masses and confinement cannot yet be derived from…
The interaction of spatially extended heavy hadrons is investigated in the framework of lattice QCD with dynamical quarks. In addition to the baryon-baryon potential results for the baryon-antibaryon and for the meson-meson system are…