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Zero forcing is a graph propagation process for which vertices fill-in (or propagate information to) neighbor vertices if all neighbors except for one, are filled. The zero-forcing number is the smallest number of vertices that must be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-24 Heather LeClair , Tim Spilde , Sarah Anderson , Brenda Kroschel

The zero forcing number is the minimum number of black vertices that can turn a white graph black following a single neighbour colour forcing rule. The zero forcing number provides topological information about linear algebra on graphs,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-10 Alexei Vazquez

Zero forcing and power domination are iterative processes on graphs where an initial set of vertices are observed, and additional vertices become observed based on some rules. In both cases, the goal is to eventually observe the entire…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-03-02 Daniela Ferrero , Leslie Hogben , Franklin H. J. Kenter , Michael Young

Zero forcing is an iterative coloring process on a graph that has been widely used in such different areas as the modelling of propagation phenomena in networks and the study of minimum rank problems in matrices and graphs. This paper deals…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-09-24 Josep Fàbrega , Jaume Martí-Farré , Xavier Muñoz

The power domination number arises from the monitoring of electrical networks and its determination is an important problem. Upper bounds for power domination numbers can be obtained by constructions. Lower bounds for the power domination…

Zero forcing is a binary coloring game on a graph where a set of filled vertices can force non-filled vertices to become filled following a color change rule. In 2008, the zero forcing number of a graph was shown to be an upper bound on its…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-12 Thomas R. Cameron , Jonad Pulaj

Zero forcing is a dynamic graph coloring process whereby a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor forces that neighbor to be colored. This forcing process has been used to approximate certain linear algebraic parameters, as well as…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-04-05 Boris Brimkov , Randy Davila

Zero forcing is an iterative process on a graph used to bound the maximum nullity. The process begins with select vertices as colored, and the remaining vertices can become colored under a specific color change rule. The goal is to find a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-09-27 Franklin H. J. Kenter , Jephian C. -H. Lin

The concept of zero forcing is extended from graphs to uniform hypergraphs in analogy with the way zero forcing was defined as an upper bound for the maximum nullity of the family of symmetric matrices whose nonzero pattern of entries is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-30 Leslie Hogben

The zero forcing process is an iterative graph colouring process in which at each time step a coloured vertex with a single uncoloured neighbour can force this neighbour to become coloured. A zero forcing set of a graph is an initial set of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-12-18 Deepak Bal , Patrick Bennett , Sean English , Calum MacRury , Paweł Prałat

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process where at each discrete time step, a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor forces that neighbor to become colored. The zero forcing number of a graph is the cardinality of the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-02-06 Boris Brimkov , Caleb C. Fast , Illya V. Hicks

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process studied for its wide array of applications. In this process, the vertices of the graph are initially designated as blue or white, and a zero forcing set is a set of initially blue vertices…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-23 Asher Brown , Mark Hunnell , Za'Kiyah Toomer-Sanders , Sarah Weber

Zero forcing is a combinatorial game played on a graph with a goal of turning all of the vertices of the graph black while having to use as few "unforced" moves as possible. This leads to a parameter known as the zero forcing number which…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-11-21 Steve Butler , Jason Grout , H. Tracy Hall

Let each vertex of a graph G = (V(G), E(G)) be given one of two colors, say, "black" and "white". Let Z denote the (initial) set of black vertices of G. The color-change rule converts the color of a vertex from white to black if the white…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-03-19 Kiran B. Chilakamarri , Nathaniel Dean , Cong X. Kang , Eunjeong Yi

The zero forcing number Z(G), which is the minimum number of vertices in a zero forcing set of a graph G, is used to study the maximum nullity / minimum rank of the family of symmetric matrices described by G. It is shown that for a…

Zero forcing in a graph refers to the evolution of vertex states under repeated application of a color change rule. Typically the states are chosen to be blue and white, and a forcing set is an initial set of blue vertices such that all of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-21 Daniela Ferrero , H. Tracy Hall , Leslie Hogben , Mark Hunnell , Ben Small

Modeling how information travels throughout a network has vast applications across social sciences, cybersecurity, and graph-based neural networks. In this paper, we consider the zero forcing model for information diffusion on iterative…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-18 Christopher Brice , Erin Meger , Nhat-Dinh Nguyen , Allen Rakhamimov , Abigail Raz

Power domination in graphs arises from the problem of monitoring an electric power system by placing as few measurement devices in the system as possible. A power dominating set of a graph is a set of vertices that observes every vertex in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-11-15 Chassidy Bozeman , Boris Brimkov , Craig Erickson , Daniela Ferrero , Mary Flagg , Leslie Hogben

Zero forcing in graphs is a coloring process where a colored vertex can force its unique uncolored neighbor to be colored. A zero forcing set is a set of initially colored vertices capable of eventually coloring all vertices of the graph.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-03 Krishna Menon , Anurag Singh

It is well-known that the zero forcing number of a graph provides a lower bound on the minimum rank of a graph. In this paper we bound and characterize the zero forcing number of certain circulant graphs, including some bipartite…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-06-10 Linh Duong , Brenda K. Kroschel , Michael Riddell , Kevin N. Vander Meulen , Adam Van Tuyl
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