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Pronunciation modeling is a key task for building speech technology in new languages, and while solid grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) mapping systems exist, language coverage can stand to be improved. The information needed to build G2P models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Tania Chakraborty , Manasa Prasad , Theresa Breiner , Sandy Ritchie , Daan van Esch

Grapheme-based acoustic modeling has recently been shown to outperform phoneme-based approaches in both hybrid and end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR), even on non-phonemic languages like English. However, graphemic ASR still has…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-17 Duc Le , Thilo Koehler , Christian Fuegen , Michael L. Seltzer

Homograph disambiguation remains a significant challenge in grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion, especially for low-resource languages. This challenge is twofold: (1) creating balanced and comprehensive homograph datasets is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Mahta Fetrat Qharabagh , Zahra Dehghanian , Hamid R. Rabiee

Grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion for Persian presents unique challenges due to its complex phonological features, particularly homographs and Ezafe, which exist in formal and informal language contexts. This paper introduces an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Abbas Bertina , Shahab Beirami , Hossein Biniazian , Elham Esmaeilnia , Soheil Shahi , Mahdi Pirnia

Conversion of Chinese Grapheme-to-Phoneme (G2P) plays an important role in Mandarin Chinese Text-To-Speech (TTS) systems, where one of the biggest challenges is the task of polyphone disambiguation. Most of the previous polyphone…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Chunyu Qiang , Peng Yang , Hao Che , Jinba Xiao , Xiaorui Wang , Zhongyuan Wang

This paper presents PolyIPA, a novel multilingual phoneme-to-grapheme conversion model designed for multilingual name transliteration, onomastic research, and information retrieval. The model leverages two helper models developed for data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Davor Lauc

In this paper, we introduce two resources: (i) G2P+, a tool for converting orthographic datasets to a consistent phonemic representation; and (ii) IPA CHILDES, a phonemic dataset of child-centered speech across 31 languages. Prior tools for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zébulon Goriely , Paula Buttery

This research optimizes two-pass cross-lingual transfer learning in low-resource languages by enhancing phoneme recognition and phoneme-to-grapheme translation models. Our approach optimizes these two stages to improve speech recognition…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Wonjun Lee , Gary Geunbae Lee , Yunsu Kim

In automatic speech recognition (ASR), phoneme-based multilingual pre-training and crosslingual fine-tuning is attractive for its high data efficiency and competitive results compared to subword-based models. However, Weighted Finite State…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Te Ma , Min Bi , Saierdaer Yusuyin , Hao Huang , Zhijian Ou

Despite the recent significant advances witnessed in end-to-end (E2E) ASR system for code-switching, hunger for audio-text paired data limits the further improvement of the models' performance. In this paper, we propose a decoupled…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Shuai Zhang , Jiangyan Yi , Zhengkun Tian , Ye Bai , Jianhua Tao , Zhengqi wen

This study presents a novel approach to voice synthesis that can substitute the traditional grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion by using a deep learning-based model that generates discrete tokens directly from speech. Utilizing a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Joonyong Park , Daisuke Saito , Nobuaki Minematsu

Recent advances in spoken language processing have led to substantial progress in phonetic tasks such as automatic speech recognition (ASR), phone recognition (PR), grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (G2P), and phoneme-to-grapheme conversion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Chin-Jou Li , Kalvin Chang , Shikhar Bharadwaj , Eunjung Yeo , Kwanghee Choi , Jian Zhu , David Mortensen , Shinji Watanabe

Sequence-to-sequence translation methods based on generation with a side-conditioned language model have recently shown promising results in several tasks. In machine translation, models conditioned on source side words have been used to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-08-21 Kaisheng Yao , Geoffrey Zweig

We propose CC-G2PnP, a streaming grapheme-to-phoneme and prosody (G2PnP) model to connect large language model and text-to-speech in a streaming manner. CC-G2PnP is based on Conformer-CTC architecture. Specifically, the input grapheme…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-20 Yuma Shirahata , Ryuichi Yamamoto

Recently, the Large Language Model-based Phoneme-to-Grapheme (LLM-P2G) method has shown excellent performance in speech recognition tasks and has become a feasible direction to replace the traditional WFST decoding method. This framework…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 Te Ma , Nanjie Li , Hao Huang , Zhijian Ou

Grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) transduction is part of the standard text-to-speech (TTS) pipeline. However, G2P conversion is difficult for languages that contain heteronyms -- words that have one spelling but can be pronounced in multiple ways.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Jocelyn Huang , Evelina Bakhturina , Oktai Tatanov

Anglicisms are a challenge in German speech recognition. Due to their irregular pronunciation compared to native German words, automatically generated pronunciation dictionaries often include faulty phoneme sequences for Anglicisms. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Julia Pritzen , Michael Gref , Dietlind Zühlke , Christoph Schmidt

Automatic Phoneme Recognition (APR) systems are often trained using pseudo phoneme-level annotations generated from text through Grapheme-to-Phoneme (G2P) systems. These G2P systems frequently output multiple possible pronunciations per…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-09 Henry Grafé , Hugo Van hamme

Recently, pre-trained models with phonetic supervision have demonstrated their advantages for crosslingual speech recognition in data efficiency and information sharing across languages. However, a limitation is that a pronunciation lexicon…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Saierdaer Yusuyin , Te Ma , Hao Huang , Zhijian Ou

Automated speech recognition coverage of the world's languages continues to expand. However, standard phoneme based systems require handcrafted lexicons that are difficult and expensive to obtain. To address this problem, we propose a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-17 Arindrima Datta , Guanlong Zhao , Bhuvana Ramabhadran , Eugene Weinstein