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Meta-analysis can be formulated as combining $p$-values across studies into a joint $p$-value function, from which point estimates and confidence intervals can be derived. We extend the meta-analytic estimation framework based on combined…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-21 David Kronthaler , Leonhard Held

Meta-analysis is commonly used to combine results from multiple clinical trials, but traditional meta-analysis methods do not refer explicitly to a population of individuals to whom the results apply and it is not clear how to use their…

Regression on observational data can fail to capture a causal relationship in the presence of unobserved confounding. Confounding strength measures this mismatch, but estimating it requires itself additional assumptions. A common assumption…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-04 Luca Rendsburg , Leena Chennuru Vankadara , Debarghya Ghoshdastidar , Ulrike von Luxburg

In empirical research, when we have multiple estimators for the same parameter of interest, a central question arises: how do we combine unbiased but less precise estimators with biased but more precise ones to improve the inference? Under…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-19 Zhexiao Lin , Peter J. Bickel , Peng Ding

Bayesian causal inference offers a principled approach to policy evaluation of proposed interventions on mediators or time-varying exposures. We outline a general approach to the estimation of causal quantities for settings with…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-28 Leah Comment , Brent A. Coull , Corwin Zigler , Linda Valeri

[See paper for full abstract] Meta-analysis is a crucial tool for answering scientific questions. It is usually conducted on a relatively small amount of ``trusted'' data -- ideally from randomized, controlled trials -- which allow causal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-15 Shiva Kaul , Geoffrey J. Gordon

Batch effects are pervasive in biomedical studies. One approach to address the batch effects is repeatedly measuring a subset of samples in each batch. These remeasured samples are used to estimate and correct the batch effects. However,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-07 Hanxuan Ye , Xianyang Zhang , Chen Wang , Ellen L. Goode , Jun Chen

Multivariate meta-analysis is gaining prominence in evidence synthesis research because it enables simultaneous synthesis of multiple correlated outcome data, and random-effects models have generally been used for addressing between-studies…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-14 Hisashi Noma , Kengo Nagashima , Toshi A. Furukawa

Empirical claims often rely on one population, design, and analysis. Many-analysts, multiverse, and robustness studies expose how results can vary across plausible analytic choices. Synthesizing these results, however, is nontrivial as all…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-24 František Bartoš , Suzanne Hoogeveen , Alexandra Sarafoglou , Samuel Pawel

We consider the problem of constructing bounds on the average treatment effect (ATE) when unmeasured confounders exist but have bounded influence. Specifically, we assume that omitted confounders could not change the odds of treatment for…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-25 Jacob Dorn , Kevin Guo , Nathan Kallus

This paper provides a set of methods for quantifying the robustness of treatment effects estimated using the unconfoundedness assumption (also known as selection on observables or conditional independence). Specifically, we estimate and do…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-01-01 Matthew A. Masten , Alexandre Poirier , Linqi Zhang

Background: Pairwise and network meta-analyses using fixed effect and random effects models are commonly applied to synthesise evidence from randomised controlled trials. The models differ in their assumptions and the interpretation of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-08-04 Shijie Ren , Jeremy E. Oakley , John W. Stevens

The conventional model for assessing insensitivity to hidden bias in paired observational studies constructs a worst-case distribution for treatment assignments subject to bounds on the maximal bias to which any given pair is subjected. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-04-25 Colin B. Fogarty , Raiden B. Hasegawa

In observational research treatment effects, the average treatment effect (ATE) estimator may be biased if a confounding variable is misclassified. We discuss the impact of classification error in a dichotomous confounding variable in…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-12-13 Linda Nab , Rolf H. H. Groenwold , Maarten van Smeden , Ruth H. Keogh

For sensitivity analysis against unmeasured confounding, we build on the marginal sensitivity model (MSM) and propose a new model, deMSM, by incorporating a second constraint on the shift of potential outcome distributions caused by…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-21 Yi Zhang , Wenfu Xu , Zhiqiang Tan

Causal decomposition analysis aims to assess the effect of modifying risk factors on reducing social disparities in outcomes. Recently, this analysis has incorporated individual characteristics when modifying risk factors by utilizing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-16 Soojin Park , Suyeon Kang , Chioun Lee

Traditional meta-analysis assumes that the effect sizes estimated in individual studies follow a Gaussian distribution. However, this distributional assumption is not always satisfied in practice, leading to potentially biased results. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-23 Wei Liang , Haicheng Huang , Hongsheng Dai , Yinghui Wei

The proximal causal inference framework enables the identification and estimation of causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding by leveraging two disjoint sets of observed strong proxies: negative control treatments and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-16 Antonio Olivas-Martinez , Peter B. Gilbert , Andrea Rotnitzky

Unmeasured confounding and selection bias are often of concern in observational studies and may invalidate a causal analysis if not appropriately accounted for. Under outcome-dependent sampling, a latent factor that has causal effects on…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-03 Kendrick Qijun Li , Xu Shi , Wang Miao , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

We develop a new approach for identifying and estimating average causal effects in panel data under a linear factor model with unmeasured confounders. Compared to other methods tackling factor models such as synthetic controls and matrix…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-10 Guido Imbens , Nathan Kallus , Xiaojie Mao