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We propose a framework to construct practical kernel-based two-sample tests from the family of $f$-divergences. The test statistic is computed from the witness function of a regularized variational representation of the divergence, which we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-28 Mónica Ribero , Antonin Schrab , Arthur Gretton

Kernel mean embeddings are a popular tool that consists in representing probability measures by their infinite-dimensional mean embeddings in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. When the kernel is characteristic, mean embeddings can be used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Boris Muzellec , Francis Bach , Alessandro Rudi

We propose a novel kernel-based two-sample test that leverages the spectral decomposition of the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) statistic to identify and utilize well-estimated directional components in reproducing kernel Hilbert space…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-21 Rui Cui , Yuhao Li , Xiaojun Song

This paper is concerned with testing normality in a Hilbert space based on the maximum mean discrepancy. Specifically, we discuss the behavior of the test from two standpoints: asymptotics and practical aspects. Asymptotic normality of the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-02-12 Natsumi Makigusa , Kanta Naito

Kernel methods are one of the mainstays of machine learning, but the problem of kernel learning remains challenging, with only a few heuristics and very little theory. This is of particular importance in methods based on estimation of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-06-03 Seth Flaxman , Dino Sejdinovic , John P. Cunningham , Sarah Filippi

Kernel methods, being supported by a well-developed theory and coming with efficient algorithms, are among the most popular and successful machine learning techniques. From a mathematical point of view, these methods rest on the concept of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-20 Christian Fiedler , Michael Herty , Michael Rom , Chiara Segala , Sebastian Trimpe

We present a study of a kernel-based two-sample test statistic related to the Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) in the manifold data setting, assuming that high-dimensional observations are close to a low-dimensional manifold. We characterize…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-27 Xiuyuan Cheng , Yao Xie

It is a common practice to evaluate probability density function or matter spatial density function from statistical samples. Kernel density estimation is a frequently used method, but to select an optimal bandwidth of kernel estimation,…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-27 Zhen-Wei Li , Ping He

We use a suitable version of the so-called "kernel trick" to devise two-sample (homogeneity) tests, especially focussed on high-dimensional and functional data. Our proposal entails a simplification related to the important practical…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-04-24 Javier Cárcamo , Antonio Cuevas , Luis-Alberto Rodríguez

Do two data samples come from different distributions? Recent studies of this fundamental problem focused on embedding probability distributions into sufficiently rich characteristic Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces (RKHSs), to compare…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-05-03 Somayeh Danafar , Paola M. V. Rancoita , Tobias Glasmachers , Kevin Whittingstall , Juergen Schmidhuber

In the context of kernel density estimation, we give a characterization of the kernels for which the parametric mean integrated squared error rate $n^{-1}$ may be obtained, where $n$ is the sample size. Also, for the cases where this rate…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-11-22 J. E. Chacón , J. Montanero , A. G. Nogales

Kernel-based testing has revolutionized the field of non-parametric tests through the embedding of distributions in an RKHS. This strategy has proven to be powerful and flexible, yet its applicability has been limited to the standard…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-28 Anthony Ozier-Lafontaine , Polina Arsenteva , Franck Picard , Bertrand Michel

The distribution regression problem encompasses many important statistics and machine learning tasks, and arises in a large range of applications. Among various existing approaches to tackle this problem, kernel methods have become a method…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-22 François Bachoc , Louis Béthune , Alberto González-Sanz , Jean-Michel Loubes

There is an intense and partly recent literature focussing on the problem of selecting the bandwidth parameter for kernel density estimators. Available methods are largely `very nonparametric', in the sense of not requiring any knowledge…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-17 Nils Lid Hjort

In order to fully utilize "big data", it is often required to use "big models". Such models tend to grow with the complexity and size of the training data, and do not make strong parametric assumptions upfront on the nature of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-04-17 Vikas Sindhwani , Haim Avron

The paper introduces a new kernel-based Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) statistic for measuring the distance between two distributions given finitely-many multivariate samples. When the distributions are locally low-dimensional, the proposed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-03 Xiuyuan Cheng , Alexander Cloninger , Ronald R. Coifman

Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) has been widely used in the areas of machine learning and statistics to quantify the distance between two distributions in the $p$-dimensional Euclidean space. The asymptotic property of the sample MMD has…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-29 Hanjia Gao , Xiaofeng Shao

Regularized empirical risk minimization using kernels and their corresponding reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHSs) plays an important role in machine learning. However, the actually used kernel often depends on one or on a few…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-09-25 Andreas Christmann , Daohong Xiang , Ding-Xuan Zhou

Kernel-based tests provide a simple yet effective framework that use the theory of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces to design non-parametric testing procedures. In this paper we propose new theoretical tools that can be used to study the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-09-02 Tamara Fernández , Nicolás Rivera

Kernel techniques are among the most popular and flexible approaches in data science allowing to represent probability measures without loss of information under mild conditions. The resulting mapping called mean embedding gives rise to a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-27 Linda Chamakh , Zoltan Szabo