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Horn's problem -- to find the support of the spectrum of eigenvalues of the sum $C=A+B$ of two $n$ by $n$ Hermitian matrices whose eigenvalues are known -- has been solved by Knutson and Tao. Here the probability distribution function (PDF)…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2018-09-13 Jean-Bernard Zuber

Horn's problem, i.e., the study of the eigenvalues of the sum $C=A+B$ of two matrices, given the spectrum of $A$ and of $B$, is re-examined, comparing the case of real symmetric, complex Hermitian and self-dual quaternionic $3\times 3$…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2019-05-27 Robert Coquereaux , Jean-Bernard Zuber

We review recent progress on Horn's problem, which asks for a description of the possible eigenspectra of the sum of two matrices with known eigenvalues. After revisiting the classical case, we consider several generalizations in which the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-01-29 Robert Coquereaux , Colin McSwiggen , Jean-Bernard Zuber

Horn's problem was the following: given two Hermitian matrices with known spectra, what might be the eigenvalue spectrum of the sum? This linear algebra problem is exactly of the sort to be approached with the methods of modern Hamiltonian…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Allen Knutson

In the present work we show that the joint probability distribution of the eigenvalues can be expressed in terms of a differential operator acting on the distribution of some other matrix quantities. Those quantities might be the diagonal…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2023-03-13 Mario Kieburg , Jiyuan Zhang

In this paper, we give a symplectic proof of the Horn inequalities on eigenvalues of a sum of two Hermitian matrices with given spectra. Our method is a combination of tropical calculus for matrix eigenvalues, combinatorics of planar…

Symplectic Geometry · Mathematics 2014-10-14 Anton Alekseev , Masha Podkopaeva , Andras Szenes

We propose a technique for calculating and understanding the eigenvalue distribution of sums of random matrices from the known distribution of the summands. The exact problem is formidably hard. One extreme approximation to the true density…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-27 Ramis Movassagh , Alan Edelman

Given two nonincreasing $n$-tuples of real numbers $\lambda_n$, $\mu_n$, the Horn problem asks for a description of all nonincreasing $n$-tuples of real numbers $\nu_n$ such that there exist Hermitian matrices $X_n$, $Y_n$ and $Z_n$…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Aalok Gangopadhyay , Hariharan Narayanan

The problem of determining the set of possible eigenvalues of 3 Hermitian matrices that sum up to zero is known as the Horn problem. The answer is a polyhedral cone, which, following Knutson and Tao, can be described as the projection of a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-07-04 Anton Alekseev , Masha Podkopaeva , Andras Szenes

Normalized eigenvalue counting measure of the sum of two Hermitian (or real symmetric) matrices $A_{n}$ and $B_{n}$ rotated independently with respect to each other by the random unitary (or orthogonal) Haar distributed matrix $U_{n}$ (i.e.…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2016-08-15 L. Pastur , V. Vasilchuk

The Schur-Horn theorem is a well-known result that characterizes the relationship between the diagonal elements and eigenvalues of a symmetric (Hermitian) matrix. In this paper, we extend this theorem by exploring the eigenvalue…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-06 Hengzhun Chen , Yingzhou Li

Let $\hat{\boldsymbol x}$ be a normalised standard complex Gaussian vector, and project an Hermitian matrix $A$ onto the hyperplane orthogonal to $\hat{\boldsymbol x}$. In a recent paper Faraut [Tunisian J. Math. \textbf{1} (2019),…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-06-03 Peter J. Forrester , Jiyuan Zhang

In this paper, we present a general framework to solve a fundamental problem in Random Matrix Theory (RMT), i.e., the problem of describing the joint distribution of eigenvalues of the sum $\bsA+\bsB$ of two independent random Hermitian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-14 Lin Zhang , Yixin Jiang , Junde Wu

I review aspects of work done in collaboration with A. Zee and R. Scalettar \cite{fz1,fz2,fsz} on complex non-hermitean random matrices. I open by explaining why the bag of tools used regularly in analyzing hermitean random matrices cannot…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2014-11-17 Joshua Feinberg

Given a collection $\{\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_n\} $ of real numbers, there is a canonical probability distribution on the set of real symmetric or complex Hermitian matrices with eigenvalues $\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_n$. In this paper, we…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-11-30 Elizabeth S. Meckes , Mark W. Meckes

We investigate traces of powers of random matrices whose distributions are invariant under rotations (with respect to the Hilbert--Schmidt inner product) within a real-linear subspace of the space of $n\times n$ matrices. The matrices we…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-11-30 Elizabeth S. Meckes , Mark W. Meckes

The multiplicative multiple Horn problem is asking to determine possible singular values of the combinations $AB, BC$ and $ABC$ for a triple of invertible matrices $A,B,C$ with given singular values. There are similar problems for…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-10 Anton Alekseev , Arkady Berenstein , Anfisa Gurenkova , Yanpeng Li

Pseudo-hermitian matrices are matrices hermitian with respect to an indefinite metric. They can be thought of as the truncation of pseudo-hermitian operators, defined over some Krein space, together with the associated metric, to a finite…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2022-02-03 Joshua Feinberg , Roman Riser

Given a random quantum state of multiple distinguishable or indistinguishable particles, we provide an effective method, rooted in symplectic geometry, to compute the joint probability distribution of the eigenvalues of its one-body reduced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-21 Matthias Christandl , Brent Doran , Stavros Kousidis , Michael Walter

The randomized quantum marginal problem asks about the joint distribution of the partial traces ("marginals") of a uniform random Hermitian operator with fixed spectrum acting on a space of tensors. We introduce a new approach to this…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2023-04-18 Sho Matsumoto , Colin McSwiggen
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