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With the gradual transformation of power generation towards renewables, distributed energy resources are becoming more and more relevant for grid stabilization. In order to involve all participants in the joint solution of this challenging…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-18 Lukas Kölsch , Katharina Wieninger , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

Distributed consensus-based controllers for optimal secondary frequency regulation of microgrids and power systems have received substantial attention in recent years. This paper provides a Lyapunov-based proof that, under a time-scale…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-11 John W. Simpson-Porco

This paper presents the operation modes and control architecture of the grid-connected hydrogen electrolyzer systems for the provision of frequency and voltage supports. The analysis is focused on the primary and secondary loops in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-08 Bang L. H. Nguyen , Mayank Panwar , Rob Hovsapian , Yashodhan Agalgaokar , Tuyen Vu

Grid-forming inverter-based autonomous microgrids present new operational challenges as the stabilizing rotational inertia of synchronous machines is absent. The design of efficient control policies for grid-forming inverters is, however, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-18 Yemi Ojo , Jeremy D. Watson , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

The modern power grid features the high penetration of power converters, which widely employ a phase-locked loop (PLL) for grid synchronization. However, it has been pointed out that PLL can give rise to small-signal instabilities under…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-18 Chaoran Yang , Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Ping Ju

The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources and power-electronics interfaces in DC microgrids, coupled with rising cyber threats, necessitates primary controllers that are provably safe, cyber-resilient, and practical. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-05 Muratkhan Abdirash , Xiaofan Cui

This paper proposes a novel nonlinear decentralized voltage controller for constrained regulation of meshed AC Microgrid networks with high penetration of time-varying constant power loads. Modelling the load demand as a constantly evolving…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Grigoris Michos , George C. Konstantopoulos

The Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach is used in this paper to control the voltage profiles in MV networks with distributed generation. The proposed algorithm lies at the intermediate level of a three-layer hierarchical structure. At…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2013-11-15 Marcello Farina , Antonio Guagliardi , Federico Mariani , Carlo Sandroni , Riccardo Scattolini

The introduction of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) has led to the formulation of Microgrids (MGs) and Networks of MGs (NMGs). MGs and NMGs can operate in islanded mode, transforming the grid into a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-17 Ahmed Saad Al-Karsani , Maryam Khanbaghi

The growing integration of renewable energy sources into distribution networks poses significant challenges to frequency and voltage stability due to their intermittent nature and low-inertia dynamics. This paper proposes a multilevel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Xian Wu , Jan H. van Schuppen , Hai Xiang Lin

In this paper, we analyse the behaviour of a buck converter network that contains arbitrary, up to mild regularity assumptions, loads. Our analysis of the network begins with the study of the current dynamics; we propose a novel Lyapunov…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-28 Pablo R. Baldivieso-Monasterios , Mahdieh Sadabadi , George C. Konstantopoulos

This paper introduces a dissipativity-based framework for the joint design of distributed controllers and communication topologies in AC microgrids (MGs), providing robust performance guarantees for voltage regulation, frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-15 Mohammad Javad Najafirad , Shirantha Welikala , Lei Wu , Panos J. Antsaklis

Future Naval Microgrids (MGs) will include hybrid energy storage systems (ESS), including battery and supercapacitors to respond to emerging constant power loads (CPLs) and fluctuating pulsed power loads (PPLs). Voltage regulation of naval…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-03 Saskia Putri , Ali Hosseinipour , Xiaoyu Ge , Faegheh Moazeni , Javad Khazaei

The increasing penetration of converter-interfaced generators (CIGs) intensifies concerns over small-signal voltage and synchronization stability. While existing theories treat these two stability issues distinctly, practical wisdom in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-14 Fuyilong Ma , Lidong Zhang , Wangqianyun Tang , Waisheng Zheng , Huanhai Xin , Linbin Huang , Lennart Harnefors

The increasing diffusion of distributed energy generation systems requires the development of new control paradigms for the coordination of micro-generators, storage systems, and loads aimed at maintaining the efficiency and the safe…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-15 Alessio La Bella , Marcello Farina , Carlo Sandroni , Riccardo Scattolini

The increasing adoption of power electronic devices may lead to large disturbance and destabilization of future power systems. However, stability criteria are still an unsolved puzzle, since traditional small-signal stability analysis is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-27 Fangyuan Chang , Xiaofan Cui , Mengqi Wang , Wencong Su , Alex Q. Huang

In this paper a novel distributed control algorithm for current sharing and voltage regulation in Direct Current (DC) microgrids is proposed. The DC microgrid is composed of several Distributed Generation units (DGUs), including Buck…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-05-01 Michele Cucuzzella , Sebastian Trip , Claudio De Persis , Xiaodong Cheng , Antonella Ferrara , Arjan van der Schaft

In this paper, we propose a novel four-stage distributed controller for a DC microgrid that achieves power sharing and average voltage regulation for the voltages at actuated and unactuated buses. The controller is presented for a DC…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-01 Albertus Johannes Malan , Pol Jané-Soniera , Felix Strehle , Sören Hohmann

We consider the problem of designing learning-based reactive power controllers that perform voltage regulation in distribution grids while ensuring closed-loop system stability. In contrast to existing methods, where the provably stable…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Zhenyi Yuan , Jie Feng , Yuanyuan Shi , Jorge Cortés

The rapid growth of renewable energy technology enables the concept of microgrid (MG) to be widely accepted in the power systems. Due to the advantages of the DC distribution system such as easy integration of energy storage and less system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-08 Hussain Sarwar Khan , Ihab S. Mohamed , Kimmo Kauhaniemi , Lantao Liu