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We review recent progress in the construction of modified gravity models as alternatives to dark energy as well as the development of cosmological tests of gravity. Einstein's theory of General Relativity (GR) has been tested accurately…
The fundamental nature and origin of dark energy are one of the premier mysteries of theoretical physics. In General Relativity Theory, the cosmological constant $\Lambda$ is the simplest explanation for dark energy. On the other hand, the…
Taking into account the temperature corrections of the energy equipartition law for the bits of information that are coarse-grained on the holographic screen leads to a modification of Einstein's gravitational field equations. In the very…
We consider cosmological models in scalar tensor theories of gravity that describe an accelerating universe, and we study a family of inverse power law potentials, for which exact solutions of the Einstein equations are known. We also…
This thesis investigates late-time cosmic acceleration using modified gravity theories with a focus on $f(Q)$ gravity, as an alternative to the $\Lambda$CDM model. The standard cosmological model attributes the acceleration to a…
The theory of cosmological perturbations is extended to spacetimes displaying isotropic expansion but anisotropic curvature. The perturbed Einstein equation and Boltzmann equations for massless and massive particles are derived in a general…
Discrepancies between observations at early and late cosmic epochs, and the vacuum energy problem associated with the interpretation of cosmological constant, are questioning the $\Lambda$CDM model. Motivated by these conceptual and…
Theories of low-energy Lorentz violation by a fixed-norm "aether" vector field with two-derivative kinetic terms have a globally bounded Hamiltonian and are perturbatively stable only if the vector is timelike and the kinetic term in the…
There is a set of first-order differential equations for the curvature tensor in general relativity (the curvature equations or CEs for short) that are strikingly similar to the Maxwell equations of electrodynamics. This paper considers…
We analyse the implications of the presence of spatial curvature in modified gravity models. As it is well known, the current standard cosmological model, the $\Lambda$CDM, is assumed to be spatially flat based on the results of many…
We study the cosmological evolution of an induced gravity model with a self-interacting scalar field $\sigma$ and in the presence of matter and radiation. Such model leads to Einstein Gravity plus a cosmological constant as a stable…
We present a comprehensive investigation exploring the theoretical framework of Einstein-Aether gravity theory when combined with two modified cosmological paradigms: the Barrow Agegraphic Dark Energy (BADE) and its newer variant, the New…
The current standard cosmological model is constructed within the framework of general relativity with a cosmological constant $\Lambda$, which is often associated with dark energy, and phenomenologically explains the accelerated cosmic…
Cosmology in extended theories of gravity is considered assuming the Palatini variational principle, for which the metric and connection are independent variables. The field equations are derived to linear order in perturbations about the…
Emergent modified gravity has shown that the canonical formulation of general relativity gives rise to a larger class of covariant modifications than action-based approaches, so far in symmetry-reduced models. This outcome is made possible…
We explore cosmological perturbations in a modified Gauss-Bonnet f(G) gravity, using a 1+3 covariant formalism. In such a formalism, we define gradient variables to get perturbed linear evolution equations. We transform these linear…
Here we briefly discuss the Einstein-Aether gravity theory by modification of Einstein-Hilbert action. We find the modified Friedmann equations and then from the equations we find the effective density and pressure for Einstein-Aether…
We consider Friedmann-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker flat cosmological models in the framework of general Jordan frame scalar-tensor theories of gravity with arbitrary coupling function and potential. For the era when the cosmological…
We propose a revised formulation of General Relativity for cosmological settings, in which the Einstein constant varies with the energy density of the Universe. We demonstrate that this modification has only phenomenological impact of…
We propose a universal description of dark energy and modified gravity that includes all single-field models. By extending a formalism previously applied to inflation, we consider the metric universally coupled to matter fields and we write…