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Rolling out a new security mechanism in an organisation requires planning, good communication, adoption from users, iterations of reflection on the challenges experienced and how they were overcome. Our case study elicited users'…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-06 Abideen Tetlay , Helen Treharne , Tom Ascroft , Sotiris Moschoyiannis

We propose a two-factor authentication (2FA) mechanism called 2D-2FA to address security and usability issues in existing methods. 2D-2FA has three distinguishing features: First, after a user enters a username and password on a login…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Maliheh Shirvanian , Shashank Agrawal

The digital age requires strong security measures to protect online activities. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) has emerged as a critical solution. However, its implementation presents significant challenges, particularly in terms of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Alexander Lengert

Two-factor authentication (2FA) offers several security benefits that security-conscious users might expect from high-value services such as online banks. In this work, we present our preliminary study to develop a scoring scheme to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Srivathsan G. Morkonda , AbdelRahman Abdou

Recent studies have shown how motion-based biometrics can be used as a form of user authentication and identification without requiring any human cooperation. This category of behavioural biometrics deals with the features we learn in our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Akriti Verma , Valeh Moghaddam , Adnan Anwar

To prevent password breaches and guessing attacks, banks increasingly turn to two-factor authentication (2FA), requiring users to present at least one more factor, such as a one-time password generated by a hardware token or received via…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-01-20 Kat Krol , Eleni Philippou , Emiliano De Cristofaro , M. Angela Sasse

Two-factor authentication (2F) aims to enhance resilience of password-based authentication by requiring users to provide an additional authentication factor, e.g., a code generated by a security token. However, it also introduces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-02-03 Emiliano De Cristofaro , Honglu Du , Julien Freudiger , Greg Norcie

Passwords have been long used as the primary authentication method for web services. Weak passwords used by the users have prompted the use of password management tools and two-factor authentication to ensure better account security. While…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Pratyush Choudhary , Subhrajit Das , Mukul Paras Potta , Prasuj Das , Abhishek Bichhawat

Current architectures to validate, certify, and manage identity are based on centralised, top-down approaches that rely on trusted authorities and third-party operators. We approach the problem of digital identity starting from a human…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Geoff Goodell , Tomaso Aste

To protect users from data breaches and phishing attacks, service providers typically implement two-factor authentication (2FA) to add an extra layer of security against suspicious login attempts. However, since 2FA can sometimes hinder…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Zhi Wang , Xin Yang , Du Chen , Han Gao , Meiqi Tian , Yan Jia , Wanpeng Li

E-payments are essential for transactional convenience in today's digital economy and are becoming increasingly important for older adults, emphasizing the need for enhanced security, privacy, and usability. To address this, we conducted a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Sanchari Das

The traditional two-factor authentication (2FA) methods primarily rely on the user manually entering a code or token during the authentication process. This can be burdensome and time-consuming, particularly for users who must be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Ali Abdullah S. AlQahtani , Thamraa Alshayeb , Mahmoud Nabil , Ahmad Patooghy

Despite being more secure and strongly promoted, two-factor (2FA) or multi-factor (MFA) schemes either fail to protect against recent phishing threats such as real-time MITM, controls/relay MITM, malicious browser extension-based phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Sneha Shukla , Gaurav Varshney , Shreya Singh , Swati Goel

This paper analyses the various authentication systems implemented for enhanced security and private re-position of an individual's log-in credentials. The first part of the paper describes the multi-factor authentication (MFA) systems,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-02-04 Tuhin Borgohain , Amardeep Borgohain , Uday Kumar , Sugata Sanyal

Attackers increasingly, and with high success rates, use social engineering techniques to circumvent second factor authentication (2FA) technologies, compromise user accounts and sidestep fraud detection technologies. We introduce a social…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-20 Markus Jakobsson

The rise of smartphones has led to a significant increase in the usage of mobile payments. Mobile payments allow individuals to access financial resources and make transactions through their mobile devices while on the go. However, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Hosam Alamleh , Ali Abdullah S. AlQahtani , Baker Al Smadi

Due to increased security awareness of enterprises for mobile applications operating with sensitive or personal data as well as extended regulations form legislative (the principle of proportionality) various approaches, how to implement…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2013-04-02 Florian G. Furtmueller

Two-factor authentication (2FA) has become widely adopted as an efficient and secure way to validate someone's identity online. Two-factor authentication is difficult in virtual reality (VR) because users are usually wearing a head-mounted…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Aiur Nanzatov , Lourdes Peña-Castillo , Oscar Meruvia-Pastor

In the era of pervasive cyber threats and exponential growth in digital services, the inadequacy of single-factor authentication has become increasingly evident. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), which combines knowledge-based factors…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Abdelilah Ganmati , Karim Afdel , Lahcen Koutti

Encrypted cloud storage services are steadily increasing in popularity, with many commercial solutions currently available. In such solutions, the cloud storage is trusted for data availability, but not for confidentiality. Additionally,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Anders Dalskov , Daniele Lain , Enis Ulqinaku , Kari Kostiainen , Srdjan Capkun
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