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We consider the problem of two-sample testing in a semi-supervised setting with abundant unlabeled covariate data. Standard two-sample tests neglect covariate information, which has the potential to significantly boost performance. However,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-05 Gyumin Lee , Shubhanshu Shekhar , Ilmun Kim

We present the results of a large number of simulation studies regarding the power of various goodness-of-fit as well as non-parametric two-sample tests for multivariate data. In two dimensions this includes both continuous and discrete…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-13 Wolfgang Rolke

Many testing problems are readily amenable to randomised tests such as those employing data splitting. However despite their usefulness in principle, randomised tests have obvious drawbacks. Firstly, two analyses of the same dataset may…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-05 F. Richard Guo , Rajen D. Shah

In this article, we present a nonparametric method for the general two-sample problem involving functional random variables modelled as elements of a separable Hilbert space ${\cal H}$. First, we present a general recipe based on linear…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-08 Bilol Banerjee

We present the results of a large number of simulation studies regarding the power of various goodness-of-fit as well as nonparametric two-sample tests for univariate data. This includes both continuous and discrete data. In general no…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-13 Wolfgang Rolke

The two-sample hypothesis testing problem is studied for the challenging scenario of high dimensional data sets with small sample sizes. We show that the two-sample hypothesis testing problem can be posed as a one-class set classification…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-15 Hamed Masnadi-Shirazi

We consider the problem of testing the equality of conditional distributions of a response variable given a vector of covariates between two populations. Such a hypothesis testing problem can be motivated from various machine learning and…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-24 Xiaoyu Hu , Jing Lei

Two-phase outcome dependent sampling (ODS) is widely used in many fields, especially when certain covariates are expensive and/or difficult to measure. For two-phase ODS, the conditional maximum likelihood (CML) method is very attractive…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-21 Menglu Che , Peisong Han , Jerald F. Lawless

Network (graph) data analysis is a popular research topic in statistics and machine learning. In application, one is frequently confronted with graph two-sample hypothesis testing where the goal is to test the difference between two graph…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-01 Mingao Yuan , Qian Wen

We propose optimal Bayesian two-sample tests for testing equality of high-dimensional mean vectors and covariance matrices between two populations. In many applications including genomics and medical imaging, it is natural to assume that…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-07 Kyoungjae Lee , Kisung You , Lizhen Lin

A new family of nonparametric statistics, the r-statistics, is introduced. It consists of counting the number of records of the cumulative sum of the sample. The single-sample r-statistic is almost as powerful as Student's t-statistic for…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-07-14 Damien Challet

In this paper, we propose a new test for testing the equality of two population covariance matrices in the ultra-high dimensional setting that the dimension is much larger than the sizes of both of the two samples. Our proposed methodology…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-19 Xiucai Ding , Yichen Hu , Zhenggang Wang

To adapt kernel two-sample and independence testing to complex structured data, aggregation of multiple kernels is frequently employed to boost testing power compared to single-kernel tests. However, we observe a phenomenon that directly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Zhijian Zhou , Xunye Tian , Liuhua Peng , Chao Lei , Antonin Schrab , Danica J. Sutherland , Feng Liu

The two-sample homogeneity testing problem is fundamental in statistics and becomes particularly challenging in high dimensions, where classical tests can suffer substantial power loss. We develop a learning-assisted procedure based on the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-30 Xiaoyu Hu , Zhenhua Lin

In many settings, robust data analysis involves computational methods for uncertainty quantification and statistical inference. To design frequentist studies that leverage robust analysis methods, suitable sample sizes to achieve desired…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-19 Luke Hagar , Andrew J. Martin

We consider two-sample tests for high-dimensional data under two disjoint models: the strongly spiked eigenvalue (SSE) model and the non-SSE (NSSE) model. We provide a general test statistic as a function of a positive-semidefinite matrix.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-11-28 Makoto Aoshima , Kazuyoshi Yata

Distributed systems have been widely used in practice to accomplish data analysis tasks of huge scales. In this work, we target on the estimation problem of generalized linear models on a distributed system with nonrandomly distributed…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-04-07 Feifei Wang , Danyang Huang , Yingqiu Zhu , Hansheng Wang

This paper considers the problem of testing the equality of two unspecified distributions. The classical omnibus tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cram\`er-von Mises are known to suffer from low power against essentially all but…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-09-15 Wen-Xin Zhou , Chao Zheng , Zhen Zhang

We consider a two-sample hypothesis testing problem, where the distributions are defined on the space of undirected graphs, and one has access to only one observation from each model. A motivating example for this problem is comparing the…

Statistical techniques are used in all branches of science to determine the feasibility of quantitative hypotheses. One of the most basic applications of statistical techniques in comparative analysis is the test of equality of two…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-05-01 Ayanendranath Basu , Abhijit Mandal , Nirian Martin , Leandro Pardo