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When minimizing the empirical risk in binary classification, it is a common practice to replace the zero-one loss with a surrogate loss to make the learning objective feasible to optimize. Examples of well-known surrogate losses for binary…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-07 Nontawat Charoenphakdee , Jongyeong Lee , Masashi Sugiyama

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) can reduce the need for large labelled datasets by incorporating unlabelled data into the training. This is particularly interesting for semantic segmentation, where labelling data is very costly and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Sebastian Scherer , Robin Schön , Rainer Lienhart

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is a popular setting aiming to effectively utilize unlabelled data to improve model performance in downstream natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Currently, there are two popular approaches to make use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Zhengxiang Shi , Francesco Tonolini , Nikolaos Aletras , Emine Yilmaz , Gabriella Kazai , Yunlong Jiao

There has been increased interest in devising learning techniques that combine unlabeled data with labeled data ? i.e. semi-supervised learning. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has been performed across various techniques…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2011-09-12 N. V. Chawla , Grigoris Karakoulas

Despite the availability of large datasets for tasks like image classification and image-text alignment, labeled data for more complex recognition tasks, such as detection and segmentation, is less abundant. In particular, for instance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-19 François Porcher , Camille Couprie , Marc Szafraniec , Jakob Verbeek

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) constructs classifiers using both labelled and unlabelled data. It leverages information from labelled samples, whose acquisition is often costly or labour-intensive, together with unlabelled data to enhance…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-29 Jinran Wu , You-Gan Wang , Geoffrey J. McLachlan

We study the consistency of surrogate risks for robust binary classification. It is common to learn robust classifiers by adversarial training, which seeks to minimize the expected $0$-$1$ loss when each example can be maliciously corrupted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Natalie Frank , Jonathan Niles-Weed

Recent advancements in unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) and semi-supervised learning (SSL), particularly incorporating causality, have led to significant methodological improvements in these learning problems. However, a formal theory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Xuetong Wu , Mingming Gong , Jonathan H. Manton , Uwe Aickelin , Jingge Zhu

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has demonstrated its potential to improve the model accuracy for a variety of learning tasks when the high-quality supervised data is severely limited. Although it is often established that the average…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Zhaowei Zhu , Tianyi Luo , Yang Liu

The effectiveness of unlabeled data in Semi/Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) depends on appropriate assumptions for specific scenarios, thereby enabling the selection of beneficial unsupervised pretext tasks. However, existing research has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Lin-Han Jia , Si-Yu Han , Wen-Chao Hu , Jie-Jing Shao , Wen-Da Wei , Zhi Zhou , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

Semi-supervised learning algorithms attempt to take advantage of relatively inexpensive unlabeled data to improve learning performance. In this work, we consider statistical models where the data distributions can be characterized by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Jingge Zhu

We evaluate the effectiveness of semi-supervised learning (SSL) on a realistic benchmark where data exhibits considerable class imbalance and contains images from novel classes. Our benchmark consists of two fine-grained classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Jong-Chyi Su , Zezhou Cheng , Subhransu Maji

Do we need active learning? The rise of strong deep semi-supervised methods raises doubt about the usability of active learning in limited labeled data settings. This is caused by results showing that combining semi-supervised learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Sandra Gilhuber , Rasmus Hvingelby , Mang Ling Ada Fok , Thomas Seidl

We consider the task of learning a classifier from the feature space $\mathcal{X}$ to the set of classes $\mathcal{Y} = \{0, 1\}$, when the features can be partitioned into class-conditionally independent feature sets $\mathcal{X}_1$ and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2008-09-29 Sriharsha Veeramachaneni , Ravikumar Kondadadi

In real-world classification problems, the class balance in the training dataset does not necessarily reflect that of the test dataset, which can cause significant estimation bias. If the class ratio of the test dataset is known, instance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-06-22 Marthinus Du Plessis , Masashi Sugiyama

Labeling a module defective or non-defective is an expensive task. Hence, there are often limits on how much-labeled data is available for training. Semi-supervised classifiers use far fewer labels for training models. However, there are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Suvodeep Majumder , Joymallya Chakraborty , Tim Menzies

Prior works have shown that semi-supervised learning algorithms can leverage unlabeled data to improve over the labeled sample complexity of supervised learning (SL) algorithms. However, existing theoretical analyses focus on regimes where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Alexandru Ţifrea , Gizem Yüce , Amartya Sanyal , Fanny Yang

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) constructs classifiers from datasets in which only a subset of observations is labelled, a situation that naturally arises because obtaining labels often requires expert judgement or costly manual effort. This…

Computation · Statistics 2025-12-09 Geoffrey J. McLachlan , Jinran Wu

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is a promising approach for training deep classification models using labeled and unlabeled datasets. However, existing SSL methods rely on a large unlabeled dataset, which may not always be available in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Shin'ya Yamaguchi

Self-training is a classical approach in semi-supervised learning which is successfully applied to a variety of machine learning problems. Self-training algorithm generates pseudo-labels for the unlabeled examples and progressively refines…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Samet Oymak , Talha Cihad Gulcu