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In this work, we propose the first fully first-order method to compute an epsilon stationary Stackelberg equilibrium with convergence guarantees. To achieve this, we first reframe the leader follower interaction as single level constrained…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-11 April Niu , Kai Wang , Juba Ziani

We derive Nash equilibria for a class of quadratic multi-leader-follower games using the nonsmooth best response function. To overcome the challenge of nonsmoothness, we pursue a smoothing approach resulting in a reformulation as a smooth…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-04-30 Michael Herty , Sonja Steffensen , Anna Thünen

This paper investigates leader-follower linear-quadratic stochastic graphon games, which consist of a single leader and a continuum of followers. The state equations of the followers interact through graphon coupling terms, with their…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-12 Weijia Chen , Jingtao Shi

The multi-leader--multi-follower game (MLMFG) involves two or more leaders and followers and serves as a generalization of the Stackelberg game and the single-leader--multi-follower game (SLMFG). Although MLMFG covers wide range of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-09 Atsushi Hori , Daisuke Tsuyuguchi , Ellen H. Fukuda

The Stackelberg equilibrium solution concept describes optimal strategies to commit to: Player 1 (termed the leader) publicly commits to a strategy and Player 2 (termed the follower) plays a best response to this strategy (ties are broken…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-08-24 Branislav Bosansky , Simina Branzei , Kristoffer Arnsfelt Hansen , Peter Bro Miltersen , Troels Bjerre Sorensen

We consider a bilevel optimization problem having a single leader and multiple followers. The followers choose their strategies simultaneously, and are assumed to converge to a Nash equilibrium strategy profile. We begin by providing a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-20 Parin Chaipunya , Thirumulanathan D , Joydeep Dutta

This paper is concerned with a leader-follower stochastic differential game with asymmetric information, where the information available to the follower is based on some sub-$\sigma$-algebra of that available to the leader. Such kind of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-09-15 Jingtao Shi , Guangchen Wang , Jie Xiong

We study the problem of finding Stackelberg equilibria in games with a massive number of players. So far, the only known game instances in which the problem is solved in polynomial time are some particular congestion games. However, a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Alberto Marchesi , Matteo Castiglioni , Nicola Gatti

Resource competition problems are often modeled using Colonel Blotto games, where players take simultaneous actions. However, many real-world scenarios involve sequential decision-making rather than simultaneous moves. To model these…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yan Liu , Bonan Ni , Weiran Shen , Zihe Wang , Jie Zhang

This paper is concerned with a linear-quadratic mean field Stackelberg stochastic differential game with partial information and common noise, which contains a leader and a large number of followers. To be specific, the followers face a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-25 Yu Si , Jingtao Shi

This paper introduces the new concept of (follower) satisfaction in Stackelberg games and compares the standard Stackelberg game with its satisfaction version. Simulation results are presented which suggest that the follower adopting…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Langford White , Duong Nguyen , Hung Nguyen

We study incentive designs for a class of stochastic Stackelberg games with one leader and a large number of (finite as well as infinite population of) followers. We investigate whether the leader can craft a strategy under a dynamic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Sina Sanjari , Subhonmesh Bose , Tamer Başar

We study the computational complexity of finding Stackelberg Equilibria in general-sum games, where the set of pure strategies of the leader and the followers are exponentially large in a natrual representation of the problem. In…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Avrim Blum , Nika Hagtalab , MohammadTaghi Hajiaghayi , Saeed Seddighin

Stackelberg games have been widely used to model interactive decision-making problems in a variety of domains such as energy systems, transportation, cybersecurity, and human-robot interaction. However, existing algorithms for solving…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-14 Yansong Li , Shuo Han

We consider the problem of efficiently learning to play single-leader multi-follower Stackelberg games when the leader lacks knowledge of the lower-level game. Such games arise in hierarchical decision-making problems involving…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Anna Maddux , Marko Maljkovic , Nikolas Geroliminis , Maryam Kamgarpour

Stackelberg equilibrium is a solution concept in two-player games where the leader has commitment rights over the follower. In recent years, it has become a cornerstone of many security applications, including airport patrolling and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Chun Kai Ling , Noam Brown

Stackelberg games are a classic example of bilevel optimization problems, which are often encountered in game theory and economics. These are complex problems with a hierarchical structure, where one optimization task is nested within the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-07-25 Ankur Sinha , Pekka Malo , Anton Frantsev , Kalyanmoy Deb

This paper is concerned with an overlapping information linear-quadratic (LQ) Stackelberg stochastic differential game with two leaders and two followers, where the diffusion terms of the state equation contain both the control and state…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-17 Yu Si , Jingtao Shi

This paper concerns with an existence of a solution for a single leader multi-follower game (SLMFG), where the followers jointly solve an abstract economy problem. Recall that an abstract economy problem is an extension of a generalized…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-07 Yutthakan Chummongkhon , Poom Kumam , Parin Chaipunya

We study a Stackelberg strategy subject to the evolutionary linearized micropolar fluids equations in domains with moving boundaries, considering a Nash multi-objective equilibrium (non necessarily cooperative) for the "follower players"…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-01-14 Isaías Pereira de Jesus