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Super-Earth population, as one of the representatives of exoplanets, plays an important role in constraining the planet formation theories. According to the prediction from core-accretion models, super-Earths should be rare because their…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-02 Shi Jia , Wei Zhong , Cong Yu

Observations of exoplanetary spectra are leading to unprecedented constraints on their atmospheric elemental abundances, particularly O/H, C/H, and C/O ratios. Recent studies suggest that elemental ratios could provide important constraints…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-09-09 Arazi Pinhas , Nikku Madhusudhan , Cathie Clarke

Models of core accretion assume that in the radiative zones of accreting gas envelopes, radiation diffuses. But super-Earths/sub-Neptunes (1-4$R_\oplus$, 2-20$M_\oplus$) point to formation conditions that are optically thin: their modest…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-05-16 Eve J. Lee , Eugene Chiang , Jason W. Ferguson

Recent observations of protoplanetary disks have revealed ring-like structures that can be associated to pressure maxima. Pressure maxima are known to be dust collectors and planet migration traps. Most of planet formation works are based…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-10-14 O. M. Guilera , Zs. Sándor , M. P. Ronco , J. Venturini , M. M. Miller Bertolami

The characterization of Super-Earth-to-Neptune sized exoplanets relies heavily on our understanding of their formation and evolution. In this study, we link a model of planet formation by pebble accretion to the planets' long-term…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-24 A. Vazan , C. W. Ormel , M. G. Brouwers

The present infrared brightness of a planet originates partly from the accretion energy that the planet gained during its formation and hence provides important constraints to the planet formation process. A planet cools down from a hot…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-05-31 Kenji Kurosaki , Masahiro Ikoma

We present here observational evidence that the snowline plays a significant role in the formation and evolution of gas giant planets. When considering the population of observed exoplanets, we find a boundary in mass-semimajor axis space…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 Ken Rice , Matthew T. Penny , Keith Horne

In the core accretion model for the formation of gas giant planets, runaway gas accretion onto a core is the primary requisite, triggered when the core mass reaches a critical value. The recently revealed wide diversity of the extrasolar…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-12 Kazuhiro D. Kanagawa , M. Y. Fujimoto

The effects of gas pressure gradients on the motion of solid grains in the solar nebula substantially enhances the efficiency of forming protoplanetary cores in the standard core accretion model in 'hybrid' scenarios for gas/ice giant…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Thayne Currie

We extend the core-accretion model of giant gaseous planets by Pollack et al. (\cite{P96}) to include migration, disc evolution and gap formation. Starting with a core of a fraction of an Earth's mass located at 8 AU, we end our simulation…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Y. Alibert , C. Mordasini , W. Benz

The internal structure of gas giant planets may be more complex than the commonly assumed core-envelope structure with an adiabatic temperature profile. Different primordial internal structures as well as various physical processes can lead…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-10-05 A. Vazan , R. Helled , M. Podolak , A. Kovetz

The compact multi-transiting planet systems discovered by Kepler challenge planet formation theories. Formation in situ from disks with radial mass surface density, $\Sigma$, profiles similar to the minimum mass solar nebula (MMSN) but…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 Sourav Chatterjee , Jonathan C. Tan

Giant planet formation in the core accretion (CA) paradigm is predicated by the formation of a core, assembled by the coagulation of grains and later by planetesimals within a protoplanetary disc. In contrast, in the disc instability…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-19 Sergei Nayakshin , Ravit Helled , Aaron C. Boley

We explore the possibility that large-scale convection be inhibited over some regions of giant planet interiors, as a consequence of a gradient of composition inherited either from their formation history or from particular events like…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Gilles Chabrier , Isabelle Baraffe

In the core accretion paradigm of planet formation, gas giants only form a massive atmosphere after their progenitors exceeded a threshold mass: the critical core mass. Most (exo)planets, being smaller and rock/ice-dominated, never crossed…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 Chris W. Ormel , Rolf Kuiper , Ji-Ming Shi

Modeling the formation of cold giant planets around M dwarfs is difficult because their disks may not contain enough solids to form massive cores and because forming giants are expected to migrate inward through disk interactions. It is…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-09 Mariana Sanchez , Nienke van der Marel , Michiel Lambrechts , Sijme-Jan Paardekooper , Yamila Miguel

Standard models of planet formation explain how planets form in axisymmetric, unperturbed disks in single star systems. However, it is possible that giant planets could have already formed when other planetary embryos start to grow. We…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-09-01 Kangrou Guo , Eiichiro Kokubo

Under the core-accretion model, gas giants form via runaway accretion. This process starts when the mass of the accreted envelope becomes equal to the mass of the core. Here, we model a population of warm sub-Saturns to search for imprints…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-26 Luis Thomas , Louise D. Nielsen , Lorena Acuña-Aguirre , Alex Cridland

Magnetospheric accretion is an important process for a wide range of astrophysical systems, and may play a role in the formation of gas giant planets. Extending the formalism describing stellar magnetospheric accretion into the planetary…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 R. V. E. Lovelace , K. R. Covey , J. P. Lloyd

We examine the effect of giant planet migration on the formation of inner terrestrial planet systems. We consider situations in which the giant planet halts migration at semi-major axes in the range 0.13 - 1.7 AU due to gas disk dispersal.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-13 M. J. Fogg , R. P. Nelson