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In the "Beyond Moore's Law" era, with increasing edge intelligence, domain-specific computing embracing unconventional approaches will become increasingly prevalent. At the same time, adopting a variety of nanotechnologies will offer…

Consumer electronics used to follow the miniaturization trend described by Moore's Law. Despite increased processing power in Microcontroller Units (MCUs), MCUs used in the smallest appliances are still not capable of running even…

For decades, advances in electronics were directly driven by the scaling of CMOS transistors according to Moore's law. However, both the CMOS scaling and the classical computer architecture are approaching fundamental and practical limits,…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a disruptive technology, promising to grant a significant economic and strategic advantage to nations that harness its power. China, with its recent push towards AI adoption, is challenging the U.S.'s…

This paper provides the first systematic economic analysis of token pricing in the large language model (LLM) inference market. Assembling a novel dataset integrating OpenRouter API data (318 models), Epoch AI records (3,237 models), and 62…

Software engineering capabilities are increasingly important to the success of economic and political blocs. This paper analyzes quantity and quality of software engineering research output originating from the US, Europe, and China over…

We see a trend where computing becomes a metered utility similar to how the electric grid evolved. Initially electricity was generated locally but economies of scale (and standardization) made it more efficient and economical to have…

Energy and power consumption are major limitations to continued scaling of computing systems. Inexactness, where the quality of the solution can be traded for energy savings, has been proposed as an approach to overcoming those limitations.…

Compute, data, and algorithmic advances are the three fundamental factors that guide the progress of modern Machine Learning (ML). In this paper we study trends in the most readily quantified factor - compute. We show that before 2010…

Through the 1990s to 2012 the internet changed the world of computing drastically. It started its journey with parallel computing after it advanced to distributed computing and further to grid computing. And in present scenario it creates a…

The rapid growth of AI, data-intensive science, and digital twin technologies has driven an unprecedented demand for high-performance computing (HPC) across the research ecosystem. While national laboratories and industrial hyperscalers…

Computer science (CS) education needs to evolve to support software and artificial intelligence (AI) systems engineering, and it needs to happen now -- precisely because the core intellectual contributions of CS have never been more…

Based on the Science Citation IndexExpanded webversion, the USA is still by far the strongest nation in terms of scientific performance. Its relative decline in percentage share of publications is largely due to the emergence of China and…

This chapter examines the impact of the geopolitical rivalry between the United States and China on the prospects for inclusive innovation in artificial intelligence (AI) development. We explore three critical aspects of the American and…

Nanoscale semiconductor technology has been a key enabler of the computing revolution. It has done so via advances in new materials and manufacturing processes that resulted in the size of the basic building block of computing systems - the…

Global cities are defined, on the one hand, as the major command and control centres of the world economy and, on the other hand, as the most significant sites of the production of innovation. As command and control centres, they are home…

A key mission of computer science is to enable people realize their creative ideas as naturally and painlessly as possible. Software engineering is at the center of this mission -- software technologies enable reification of ideas into…

Artificial intelligence has become a key arena of global technological competition and a central concern for Europe's quest for technological sovereignty. This paper analyzes global AI patenting from 2010 to 2023 to assess Europe's position…

Increasingly, modern Artificial Intelligence (AI) research has become more computationally intensive. However, a growing concern is that due to unequal access to computing power, only certain firms and elite universities have advantages in…

As an important goal of high-performance computing, the concept of performance portability has been around for many years. As the failure of Moore's Law, it is no longer feasible to improve computer performance by simply increasing the…