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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an analytical surface characterization tool which can reveal a sample's topography with high spatial resolution while simultaneously probing tip-sample interactions. Local measurement of chemical properties…

Applied Physics · Physics 2018-09-06 Omur E. Dagdeviren , Yoichi Miyahara , Aaron Mascaro , Peter Grutter

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) with molecule-functionalized tips has emerged as the primary experimental technique for probing the atomic structure of organic molecules on surfaces. Most experiments have been limited to nearly planar…

Atomic force microscopy (AFM or SPM) imaging is one of the best matches with machine learning (ML) analysis among microscopy techniques. The digital format of AFM images allows for direct utilization in ML algorithms without the need for…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-01-07 Igor Sokolov

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a key tool for characterising nanoscale structures, with functionalised tips now offering detailed images of the atomic structure. In parallel, AFM simulations using the particle probe model provide a…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-09-03 Jie Huang , Niko Oinonen , Fabio Priante , Filippo Federici Canova , Lauri Kurki , Chen Xu , Adam S. Foster

This article reviews the progress of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in ultra-high vacuum, starting with its invention and covering most of the recent developments. Today, dynamic force microscopy allows to image surfaces of conductors…

Materials Science · Physics 2009-11-10 Franz J. Giessibl

A major challenge in Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is to reduce the scan duration while retaining the image quality. Conventionally, the scan rate is restricted to a sufficiently small value in order to ensure a desirable image quality as…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-02-13 Kaixiang Wang , Michael G. Ruppert , Chris Manzie , Dragan Nesic , Yuen K. Yong

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a well-known tool for studying surface roughness and to collect depth information about features on the top atomic layer of samples. By combining secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) with focused ion beam…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-10-18 Lex Pillatsch , Szilvia Kalácska , Xavier Maeder , Johann Michler

In this article, we present a deflection measurement setup for Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It is based on a quadrature phase differential interferometer: we measure the optical path difference between a laser beam reflecting above the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2015-06-16 Pierdomenico Paolino , Felipe A. Aguilar Sandoval , Ludovic Bellon

Atomic Force Microscopy - Infrared (AFM-IR) has emerged as a useful technique for measuring absorption spectra with spatial resolution better than the optical diffraction limit. The technique relies on the movement of a probe for atomic…

Applied Physics · Physics 2024-01-17 Luca Quaroni

Since the invention of the atomic force microscope (AFM) in 1986, there has been a drive to apply this scanning probe technique or a form of this technique to various disciplines in nanoscale science. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2017-04-28 Gustavo Cordova , Brenda Yasie Lee , Zoya Leonenko

A common use for atomic force microscopy is to quantify local forces through tip-sample interactions between the probe tip and a sample surface. The accuracy of these measurements depends on the accuracy to which the cantilever spring…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2021-12-08 Aaron Mascaro , Yoichi Miyahara , Omur E. Dagdeviren , Peter Grutter

Amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy (AM-AFM) measures nanoscale surface structures by detecting changes in the cantilever oscillation amplitude, contributing to materials research. AM-AFM can non-destructively observe fragile…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Kenichi Umeda , Karen Kamoshita , Noriyuki Kodera

A novel method for measuring the surface coverage of randomly distributed cylindrical nanoparticles such as nanorods and nanowires, using atomic force microscopy (AFM), is presented. The method offers several advantages over existing…

Materials Science · Physics 2018-07-12 Francesca Bottacchi , Stefano Bottacchi , Thomas D. Anthopoulos

High-frequency atomic force microscopy has enabled extraordinary new science through large bandwidth, high speed measurements of atomic and molecular structures. However, traditional optical detection schemes restrict the dimensions, and…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2014-03-11 C. Doolin , P. H. Kim , B. D. Hauer , A. J. R MacDonald , J. P Davis

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a widely employed tool for micro-/nanoscale topographic imaging. However, conventional AFM scanning struggles to reconstruct complex 3D micro-/nanostructures precisely due to limitations such as incomplete…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Shuo Chen , Mao Peng , Yijin Li , Bing-Feng Ju , Hujun Bao , Yuan-Liu Chen , Guofeng Zhang

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have promised to revolutionize the way we live and work, and one of particularly promising areas for AI is image analysis. Nevertheless, many current AI applications focus on post-processing…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-07-31 Boyuan Huang , Zhenghao Li , Jiangyu Li

While offering unprecedented resolution of atomic and electronic structure, Scanning Probe Microscopy techniques have found greater challenges in providing reliable electrostatic characterization at the same scale. In this work, we…

This work investigates the parameter estimation performance of super-resolution line spectral estimation using atomic norm minimization. The focus is on analyzing the algorithm's accuracy of inferring the frequencies and complex magnitudes…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-10-24 Qiuwei Li , Gongguo Tang

Atomic force microscopy is an important tool for characterizing surface acoustic waves, in particular for high frequencies, where the wavelength is too short to be resolved by laser interferometry. A caveat is, that the cantilever…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2022-09-29 Jan Hellemann , Filipp Müller , Madeleine Msall , Paulo V. Santos , Stefan Ludwig

A new method is introduced for calibrating lateral force as measured by an atomic force microscope (AFM), making use of both an interferometric detector and an optical beam detector on the same instrument. The method may be implemented…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-03-25 Joel Lefever , Aleksander Labuda , Roger Proksch