Related papers: Determining the Quantum Expectation Value by Measu…
We present a detailed description of the experiment realising for the first time a protective measurement, a novel measurement protocol which combines weak interactions with a ``protection mechanism'' preserving the measured state coherence…
A review of protective measurements. Protective measurement is a method for measuring an expectation value of an observable on a single quantum system. The quantum state of the system can be protected by a potential, when the state is a…
Making measurements on single quantum systems is considered difficult, almost impossible if the state is a-priori unknown. Protective measurements suggest a possibility to measure single quantum systems and gain some new information in the…
A characteristical property of a classical physical theory is that the observables are real functions taking an exact outcome on every (pure) state; in a quantum theory, at the contrary, a given observable on a given state can take several…
Every quantum physical system can be considered the ''shadow'' of a special kind of classical system. The system proposed here is classical mainly because each observable function has a well precise value on each state of the system: an…
We compare the performance of protective quantum measurements to that of standard projective measurements. Performance is quantified in terms of the uncertainty in the measured expectation value. We derive an expression for the relative…
The new interpretation of Quantum Mechanics is based on a complex probability theory. An interpretation postulate specifies events which can be observed and it follows that the complex probability of such event is, in fact, a real positive…
A suitable unified statistical formulation of quantum and classical mechanics in a *-algebraic setting leads us to conclude that information itself is noncommutative in quantum mechanics. Specifically we refer here to an observer's…
Protective measurements yield properties of the quantum state of a single quantum system without affecting the quantum state. A protective measurement involves adiabatic coupling to the measuring device together with a procedure to protect…
It is proposed a possible new approach of quantum measurements (QMS), disconnected of the traditional interpretation of uncertainty relations and independent of any appeal to the strange idea of collapse (reduction) of wave functions. The…
It is shown that from the expectation values of obervables, which can be measured for a single system using protective measurements, the linear structure, inner product, and observables in the Hilbert space can be reconstructed. A universal…
We study the changes if any of the expectation value of a general observable in a quantum system, the difficulties associated with the detection of these changes, and the possible methods for correcting the system through unitary control to…
A quantum mechanics representation based on position ($\vec{r}$), linear momentum($\vec{p}$) and energy($E$) eigenvalues is presented here. A set of equations, explicitly independent on wave function, was derived relating these observables.…
The Bohmian formulation of quantum mechanics is used in order to describe the measurement process in an intuitive way without a reduction postulate in the framework of a deterministic single system theory. Thereby the motion of the hidden…
Classical mechanics involves position and momentum variables that must be special coordinates chosen to promote to suitable quantum operators. Since classical variables may be broadly chosen, only unique variables should be chosen. We will…
Quantum dynamics of the collective mode and individual particles on a ring is studied as the simplest model of projective quantum measurement. In this model, the collective mode measures an individual single quantum system. The heart of the…
Quantum mechanics can emerge from classical statistics. A typical quantum system describes an isolated subsystem of a classical statistical ensemble with infinitely many classical states. The state of this subsystem can be characterized by…
Here we show that, in principle it is possible to clone (measure) a single arbitrary unknown quantum state of a spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ particle (an electron) with arbitrary precision and with success probability tending to one, using protective…
We present a complete polarization characterization of any quantum state of two orthogonal polarization modes, and give a systematic measurement procedure to collect the necessary data. Full characterization requires measurements of the…
Protective measurements, which we have introduced recently, allow to measure properties of the state of a single quantum system and even the Schr\"odinger wave itself. These measurements require a protection, sometimes due to an additional…