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Given finite simple graphs $G$ and $H$, the Hom complex $\mathrm{Hom}(G,H)$ is a polyhedral complex having the graph homomorphisms $G\to H$ as the vertices. We determine the homotopy type of each connected component of $\mathrm{Hom}(G,H)$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Soichiro Fujii , Kei Kimura , Yuta Nozaki

It is well known [Lov\'asz, 67] that up to isomorphism a graph~$G$ is determined by the homomorphism counts $\hom(F, G)$, i.e., the number of homomorphisms from $F$ to $G$, where $F$ ranges over all graphs. Thus, in principle, we can answer…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Yijia Chen , Jörg Flum , Mingjun Liu , Zhiyang Xun

Given a graph $H$, we investigate the $d$-regular graphs $G$ with the highest $H$-density. We reframe the problem as a continuous optimization problem on the eigenvalues of $G$ by relating injective homomorphism numbers from $H$ and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Gabor Lippner , Arturo Ortiz San Miguel

The Hom complex $\mathrm{Hom}(G, H)$ of graphs is a simplicial complex associated to a pair of graphs $G$ and $H$, and its homotopy type is of interest in the graph coloring problem and the homomorphism reconfiguration problem. In this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-04 Takahiro Matsushita

Graph G is the square of graph H if two vertices x, y have an edge in G if and only if x, y are of distance at most two in H. Given H it is easy to compute its square H2, however Motwani and Sudan proved that it is NP-complete to determine…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2009-02-13 Babak Farzad , Lap Chi Lau , Van Bang Le , Nguyen Ngoc Tuy

A classical result due to Lovasz (1967) shows that the isomorphism type of a graph is determined by homomorphism counts. That is, graphs G and H are isomorphic whenever the number of homomorphisms from K to G is the same as the number of…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2021-11-12 Luca Reggio

The problem of packing as many subgraphs isomorphic to $H \in \mathcal H$ as possible in a graph for a class $\mathcal H$ of graphs is well studied in the literature. Both vertex-disjoint and edge-disjoint versions are known to be…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Tatsuya Gima , Tesshu Hanaka , Yasuaki Kobayashi , Yota Otachi , Tomohito Shirai , Akira Suzuki , Yuma Tamura , Xiao Zhou

For given graphs $G$ and $H$, let $|Hom(G,H)|$ denote the set of graph homomorphisms from $G$ to $H$. We show that for any finite, $n$-regular, bipartite graph $G$ and any finite graph $H$ (perhaps with loops), $|Hom(G,H)|$ is maximum when…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-06-15 David Galvin , Prasad Tetali

We initiate the study of computational complexity of graph coverings, aka locally bijective graph homomorphisms, for {\em graphs with semi-edges}. The notion of graph covering is a discretization of coverings between surfaces or topological…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Jan Bok , Jiří Fiala , Petr Hliněný , Nikola Jedličková , Jan Kratochvíl

In recent work by Johnson et al. (2022), a framework was described for the study of graph problems over classes specified by omitting each of a finite set of graphs as subgraphs. If a problem falls into the framework then its computational…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Tala Eagling-Vose , Barnaby Martin , Daniel Paulusma , Siani Smith

A graph K is multiplicative if a homomorphism from any product G x H to K implies a homomorphism from G or from H. Hedetniemi's conjecture states that all cliques are multiplicative. In an attempt to explore the boundaries of current…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-15 Claude Tardif , Marcin Wrochna

Two graphs are homomorphism indistinguishable over a graph class $\mathcal{F}$, denoted by $G \equiv_{\mathcal{F}} H$, if $\operatorname{hom}(F,G) = \operatorname{hom}(F,H)$ for all $F \in \mathcal{F}$ where $\operatorname{hom}(F,G)$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-07-11 Daniel Neuen

A graph $G$ covers a graph $H$ if there exists a locally bijective homomorphism from $G$ to $H$. We deal with regular covers in which this locally bijective homomorphism is prescribed by an action of a subgroup of ${\rm Aut}(G)$. Regular…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-05-29 Jiří Fiala , Pavel Klavík , Jan Kratochvíl , Roman Nedela

A classical result in complex geometry says that the automorphism group of a manifold of general type is discrete. It is more generally true that there are only finitely many surjective morphisms between two fixed projective manifolds of…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Jun-Muk Hwang , Stefan Kebekus , Thomas Peternell

For digraphs $G$ and $H$, a homomorphism of $G$ to $H$ is a mapping $f:\ V(G)\dom V(H)$ such that $uv\in A(G)$ implies $f(u)f(v)\in A(H)$. If, moreover, each vertex $u \in V(G)$ is associated with costs $c_i(u), i \in V(H)$, then the cost…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2007-12-06 A. Gupta , G. Gutin , M. Karimi , E. J. Kim , A. Rafiey

The notion of graph covers is a discretization of covering spaces introduced and deeply studied in topology. In discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science, they have attained a lot of attention from both the structural and…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Jan Bok , Jiří Fiala , Nikola Jedličková , Jan Kratochvíl , Michaela Seifrtová

The complexity of graph homomorphism problems has been the subject of intense study. It is a long standing open problem to give a (decidable) complexity dichotomy theorem for the partition function of directed graph homomorphisms. In this…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2010-08-06 Jin-Yi Cai , Xi Chen

We show that the category of graphs has the structure of a 2-category with homotopy as the 2-cells. We then develop an explicit description of homotopies for finite graphs, in terms of what we call `spider moves'. We then create a category…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-05-15 Tien Chih , Laura Scull

Lov\'asz (1967) showed that two graphs $G$ and $H$ are isomorphic if, and only if, they are homomorphism indistinguishable over all graphs, i.e., $G$ and $H$ admit the same number of number of homomorphisms from every graph $F$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-27 Daniel Neuen , Tim Seppelt

Graph homomorphism has been an important research topic since its introduction [17]. Stated in the language of binary relational structures in that paper [17], Lov\'asz proved a fundamental theorem that, for a graph $H$ given by its $0$-$1$…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-02-25 Jin-Yi Cai , Artem Govorov