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In Verification and in (optimal) AI Planning, a successful method is to formulate the application as boolean satisfiability (SAT), and solve it with state-of-the-art DPLL-based procedures. There is a lack of understanding of why this works…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Joerg Hoffmann , Carla Gomes , Bart Selman

It is well known that different solution strategies work well for different types of instances of hard combinatorial problems. As a consequence, most solvers for the propositional satisfiability problem (SAT) expose parameters that allow…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-03 Frank Hutter , Marius Lindauer , Adrian Balint , Sam Bayless , Holger Hoos , Kevin Leyton-Brown

The CDCL algorithm is the leading solution adopted by state-of-the-art solvers for SAT, SMT, ASP, and others. Experiments show that the performance of CDCL solvers can be significantly boosted by embedding domain-specific heuristics,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Carmine Dodaro , Philip Gasteiger , Nicola Leone , Benjamin Musitsch , Francesco Ricca , Konstantin Schekotihin

The Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) problem, a variant of the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem, plays a critical role in integrated circuit design and verification. However, existing SAT solvers, optimized for Conjunctive Normal Form…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zhengyuan Shi , Tiebing Tang , Jiaying Zhu , Sadaf Khan , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Zhufei Chu , Qiang Xu

Modern conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) SAT solvers are very good in solving conjunctive normal form (CNF) formulas. However, some application problems involve lots of parity (xor) constraints which are not necessarily efficiently…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-07-25 Tero Laitinen , Tommi Junttila , Ilkka Niemelä

Backdoor sets, a notion introduced by Williams et al. in 2003, are certain sets of key variables of a CNF formula F that make it easy to solve the formula; by assigning truth values to the variables in a backdoor set, the formula gets…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-02-22 Serge Gaspers , Stefan Szeider

Propositional satisfiability (SAT) is at the nucleus of state-of-the-art approaches to a variety of computationally hard problems, one of which is cryptanalysis. Moreover, a number of practical applications of SAT can only be tackled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-14 Alexander Semenov , Oleg Zaikin , Ilya Otpuschennikov , Stepan Kochemazov , Alexey Ignatiev

Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) plays a pivotal role in Electronic Design Automation. The standard workflow for solving CSAT problems converts circuits into Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) and employs generic SAT solvers powered by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiaying Zhu , Ziyang Zheng , Zhengyuan Shi , Yalun Cai , Qiang Xu

We prove that conflict-driven clause learning SAT-solvers with the ordered decision strategy and the DECISION learning scheme are equivalent to ordered resolution. We also prove that, by replacing this learning scheme with its opposite that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Nathan Mull , Shuo Pang , Alexander Razborov

Conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) is a remarkably successful paradigm for solving the satisfiability problem of propositional logic. Instead of a simple depth-first backtracking approach, this kind of solver learns the reason behind…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Tom Krüger , Jan-Hendrik Lorenz , Florian Wörz

Recent research in areas such as SAT solving and Integer Linear Programming has shown that the performances of a single arbitrarily efficient solver can be significantly outperformed by a portfolio of possibly slower on-average solvers. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-01-07 Roberto Amadini , Maurizio Gabbrielli , Jacopo Mauro

Applying pre- and inprocessing techniques to simplify CNF formulas both before and during search can considerably improve the performance of modern SAT solvers. These algorithms mostly aim at reducing the number of clauses, literals, and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-10-18 Andreas Wotzlaw , Alexander van der Grinten , Ewald Speckenmeyer

A strong backdoor in a formula $\phi$ of propositional logic to a tractable class $\mathcal{C}$ of formulas is a set $B$ of variables of $\phi$ such that every assignment of the variables in $B$ results in a formula from $\mathcal{C}$.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Nikolas Mählmann , Sebastian Siebertz , Alexandre Vigny

We present graph backtracking, a novel, fine-grained backtracking scheme for CDCL-based SAT solving, parametrized by a user-defined weight function. For conflict repair, we challenge the decision level abstraction and use the implication…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Robin Coutelier , Thomas Hader , Laura Kovács

Logic provides a controlled testbed for evaluating LLM-based reasoners, yet standard SAT-style benchmarks often conflate surface difficulty (length, wording, clause order) with the structural phenomena that actually determine…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Naïm Es-sebbani , Esteban Marquer , Yakoub Salhi , Zied Bouraoui

We offer a new understanding of some aspects of practical SAT-solvers that are based on DPLL with unit-clause propagation, clause-learning, and restarts. We do so by analyzing a concrete algorithm which we claim is faithful to what…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-01-17 Albert Atserias , Johannes Klaus Fichte , Marc Thurley

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solvers are widely used in hardware verification, cryptanalysis, automatic test-pattern generation, and side-channel reasoning workflows. Modern conflict-driven clause-learning (CDCL) solvers are highly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Melki Bino

The practical success of Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) solvers stems from the CDCL (Conflict-Driven Clause Learning) approach to SAT solving. However, from a propositional proof complexity perspective, CDCL is no more powerful than the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-07-06 Alexey Ignatiev , Antonio Morgado , Joao Marques-Silva

We propose a new parameter called proofdoor in an attempt to explain the efficiency of CDCL SAT solvers over formulas derived from circuit (esp., arithmetic) verification applications. Informally, given an unsatisfiable CNF formula F over n…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Sunidhi Singh , Vincent Liew , Marc Vinyals , Vijay Ganesh

The CTL learning problem consists in finding for a given sample of positive and negative Kripke structures a distinguishing CTL formula that is verified by the former but not by the latter. Further constraints may bound the size and shape…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Adrien Pommellet , Daniel Stan , Simon Scatton