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For a graph class $\mathcal{G}$, we define the $\mathcal{G}$-modular cardinality of a graph $G$ as the minimum size of a vertex partition of $G$ into modules that each induces a graph in $\mathcal{G}$. This generalizes other module-based…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Manuel Lafond , Weidong Luo

We revisit the algorithmic problem of reconstructing a graph from homomorphism counts that has first been studied in (B\"oker et al., STACS 2024): given graphs $F_1,\ldots,F_k$ and counts $m_1,\ldots,m_k$, decide if there is a graph $G$…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Timo Gervens , Martin Grohe , Louis Härtel , Philipp da Silva Fonseca

Let H be a graph, and let C_H(G) be the number of (subgraph isomorphic) copies of H contained in a graph G. We investigate the fundamental problem of estimating C_H(G). Previous results cover only a few specific instances of this general…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-02-20 Martin Furer , Shiva Prasad Kasiviswanathan

The generic homomorphism problem, which asks whether an input graph $G$ admits a homomorphism into a fixed target graph $H$, has been widely studied in the literature. In this article, we provide a fine-grained complexity classification of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Robert Ganian , Thekla Hamm , Viktoriia Korchemna , Karolina Okrasa , Kirill Simonov

Subgraph counting is a fundamental and well-studied problem whose computational complexity is well understood. Quite surprisingly, the hypergraph version of subgraph counting has been almost ignored. In this work, we address this gap by…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Marco Bressan , Julian Brinkmann , Holger Dell , Marc Roth , Philip Wellnitz

We introduce the 2-sorted counting logic $GC^k$ that expresses properties of hypergraphs. This logic has available k variables to address hyperedges, an unbounded number of variables to address vertices, and atomic formulas E(e,v) to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Benjamin Scheidt , Nicole Schweikardt

A homomorphism from a graph $G$ to a graph $H$ is an edge-preserving mapping from $V(G)$ to $V(H)$. Let $H$ be a fixed graph with possible loops. In the list homomorphism problem, denoted by LHom($H$), we are given a graph $G$, whose every…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Karolina Okrasa , Marta Piecyk , Paweł Rzążewski

We consider the $\#\mathsf{W}[1]$-hard problem of counting all matchings with exactly $k$ edges in a given input graph $G$; we prove that it remains $\#\mathsf{W}[1]$-hard on graphs $G$ that are line graphs or bipartite graphs with degree…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-01-22 Radu Curticapean , Holger Dell , Marc Roth

For a (possibly infinite) fixed family of graphs F, we say that a graph G overlays F on a hypergraph H if V(H) is equal to V(G) and the subgraph of G induced by every hyperedge of H contains some member of F as a spanning subgraph.While it…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-03-16 Nathann Cohen , Frédéric Havet , Dorian Mazauric , Ignasi Sau , Rémi Watrigant

We consider the following problem for a fixed graph H: given a graph G and two H-colorings of G, i.e. homomorphisms from G to H, can one be transformed (reconfigured) into the other by changing one color at a time, maintaining an H-coloring…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Marcin Wrochna

Ordered matchings, defined as graphs with linearly ordered vertices, where each vertex is connected to exactly one edge, play a crucial role in the area of ordered graphs and their homomorphisms. Therefore, we consider related problems from…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Michal Čertík , Andreas Emil Feldmann , Jaroslav Nešetřil , Paweł Rzążewski

We study the problem of computing the parity of the number of homomorphisms from an input graph $G$ to a fixed graph $H$. Faben and Jerrum [ToC'15] introduced an explicit criterion on the graph $H$ and conjectured that, if satisfied, the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Jacob Focke , Leslie Ann Goldberg , Marc Roth , Stanislav Živný

Perturbed graphic matroids are binary matroids that can be obtained from a graphic matroid by adding a noise of small rank. More precisely, r-rank perturbed graphic matroid M is a binary matroid that can be represented in the form I +P,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-02-20 Fedor V. Fomin , Petr A. Golovach , Daniel Lokshtanov , Saket Saurabh , Meirav Zehavi

We consider the problem of counting, in a given graph, the number of induced k-vertex subgraphs which have an even number of edges, and also the complementary problem of counting the k-vertex induced subgraphs having an odd number of edges.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-10-07 Mark Jerrum , Kitty Meeks

The $H$-Coloring problem is a well-known generalization of the classical NP-complete problem $k$-Coloring where the task is to determine whether an input graph admits a homomorphism to the template graph $H$. This problem has been the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Ambroise Baril , Miguel Couceiro , Victor Lagerkvist

Counting graph homomorphisms and its generalizations such as the Counting Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP), its variations, and counting problems in general have been intensively studied since the pioneering work of Valiant. While the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Andrei A. Bulatov , Amirhossein Kazeminia

Graph homomorphism counts, first explored by Lov\'asz in 1967, have recently garnered interest as a powerful tool in graph-based machine learning. Grohe (PODS 2020) proposed the theoretical foundations for using homomorphism counts in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Hinrikus Wolf , Luca Oeljeklaus , Pascal Kühner , Martin Grohe

The complexity of graph homomorphisms has been a subject of intense study [11, 12, 4, 42, 21, 17, 6, 20]. The partition function $Z_{\mathbf A}(\cdot)$ of graph homomorphism is defined by a symmetric matrix $\mathbf A$ over $\mathbb C$. We…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-04-15 Jin-Yi Cai , Artem Govorov

Two graphs $G$ and $H$ are homomorphism indistinguishable over a family of graphs $\mathcal{F}$ if for all graphs $F \in \mathcal{F}$ the number of homomorphisms from $F$ to $G$ is equal to the number of homomorphism from $F$ to $H$. Many…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Tim Seppelt

A homomorphism from a graph G to a graph H is locally bijective, surjective, or injective if its restriction to the neighborhood of every vertex of G is bijective, surjective, or injective, respectively. We prove that the problems of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-10-07 Steven Chaplick , Jiří Fiala , Pim van 't Hof , Daniël Paulusma , Marek Tesař