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To study quantum computation, it might be helpful to generalize structures from language and automata theory to the quantum case. To that end, we propose quantum versions of finite-state and push-down automata, and regular and context-free…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-25 Cristopher Moore , James P. Crutchfield

Bisimulation equivalence (or bisimilarity) of first-order grammars is decidable, as follows from the decidability result by Senizergues (1998, 2005) that has been given in an equivalent framework of equational graphs with finite out-degree,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-12-16 Petr Jancar

We show that a well-known family of deterministic finite automata can be used to distinguish distinct binary strings of the same length from every start state. Further, we establish almost matching lower and upper bounds on the number of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Nicholas Tran

Kunchenko's method of polynomial maximization provides a semiparametric apparatus for parameter estimation under non-Gaussian errors, but its classical power basis relies on finite higher-order integer moments. This paper introduces the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-19 Serhii Zabolotnii

We investigate the connection between properties of formal languages and properties of their generating series, with a focus on the class of holonomic power series. We first prove a strong version of a conjecture by Castiglione and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Alin Bostan , Arnaud Carayol , Florent Koechlin , Cyril Nicaud

Recent works have shown that tokenisation is NP-complete. However, these works assume tokenisation is applied to inputs with unboundedly large alphabets -- an unrealistic assumption, given that in practice tokenisers operate over fixed-size…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Violeta Kastreva , Philip Whittington , Dennis Komm , Tiago Pimentel

The identification of deterministic finite automata (DFAs) from labeled examples is a cornerstone of automata learning, yet traditional methods focus on learning monolithic DFAs, which often yield a large DFA lacking simplicity and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Junjie Meng , Jie An , Yong Li , Andrea Turrini , Fanjiang Xu , Naijun Zhan , Miaomiao Zhang

Several abstract machines that operate on symbolic input alphabets have been proposed in the last decade, for example, symbolic automata or lattice automata. Applications of these types of automata include software security analysis and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-10-18 Andreas Stahlbauer

Indexed languages are a classical notion in formal language theory, which has attracted attention in recent decades due to its role in higher-order model checking: They are precisely the languages accepted by order-2 pushdown automata. The…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Richard Mandel , Corto Mascle , Georg Zetzsche

Probabilistic pushdown automata (pPDA) are a standard operational model for programming languages involving discrete random choices and recursive procedures. Temporal properties are useful for specifying the chronological order of events…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Tobias Winkler , Christina Gehnen , Joost-Pieter Katoen

Parikh automata extend automata with counters whose values can only be tested at the end of the computation, with respect to membership into a semi-linear set. Parikh automata have found several applications, for instance in transducer…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Emmanuel Filiot , Shibashis Guha , Nicolas Mazzocchi

Analogous to regular string and tree languages, regular languages of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are defined in the literature. Although called regular, those DAG-languages are more powerful and, consequently, standard problems have a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Yvo Ad Meeres

We prove that a random automaton with $n$ states and any fixed non-singleton alphabet is synchronizing with high probability (modulo an unpublished result about unique highest trees of random graphs). Moreover, we also prove that the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Mikhail V. Berlinkov

Let PT-DFA mean a deterministic finite automaton whose transition relation is a partial function. We present an algorithm for minimizing a PT-DFA in $O(m \lg n)$ time and $O(m+n+\alpha)$ memory, where $n$ is the number of states, $m$ is the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2008-02-21 Antti Valmari , Petri Lehtinen

For general input automata, there exist regular constraint languages such that asking if a given input automaton admits a synchronizing word in the constraint language is PSPACE-complete or NP-complete. Here, we investigate this problem for…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Stefan Hoffmann

We introduce layered automata, a subclass of alternating parity automata that generalises deterministic automata. Assuming a consistency property, these automata are history deterministic and 0-1 probabilistic. We show that every…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Antonio Casares , Christof Löding , Igor Walukiewicz

This article focuses on subset reachability in synchronizing automata. First, we provide families of synchronizing automata with subsets which cannot be reached with short words. These families do not fulfil Don's Conjecture about subset…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-08 François Gonze , Raphaël M. Jungers

A recent framework of relativized hyperequivalence of programs offers a unifying generalization of strong and uniform equivalence. It seems to be especially well suited for applications in program optimization and modular programming due to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-07-24 Miroslaw Truszczyński , Stefan Woltran

Two strings $x$ and $y$ over $\Sigma \cup \Pi$ of equal length are said to \emph{parameterized match} (\emph{p-match}) if there is a renaming bijection $f:\Sigma \cup \Pi \rightarrow \Sigma \cup \Pi$ that is identity on $\Sigma$ and…

This paper has the goals (1) of unifying top-down parsing with shift-reduce parsing to yield a single simple and consistent framework, and (2) of producing provably correct parsing methods, deterministic as well as tabular ones, for…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-10-01 Luca Breveglieri , Stefano Crespi Reghizzi , Angelo Morzenti