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A word is level if each letter appears in it the same number of times, plus or minus 1. We give a complete characterization of the lengths for which level ternary circular square-free words exist. Key words: combinatorics on words, circular…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-05-21 James D. Currie , Jesse T. Johnson

Inflection graphs are highly complex networks representing relationships between inflectional forms of words in human languages. For so-called synthetic languages, such as Latin or Polish, they have particularly interesting structure due to…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2023-12-18 Henryk Fukś , Babak Farzad , Yi Cao

This thesis explores how concepts of formal language theory can be used to study left-orderable groups. It analyses the languages formed by their positive cones and demonstrates how the abstract families of languages (AFLs) in the Chomsky…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-09 Hang Lu Su

We prove that the set of limit groups is recursive, answering a question of Delzant. One ingredient of the proof is the observation that a finitely presented group with local retractions (a la Long and Reid) is coherent and, furthermore,…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Daniel Groves , Henry Wilton

Accessible groups for which the language of all words defining the identity is accepted by a certain class of nested stack automata are virtually free.

Group Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Robert Gilman Michael Shapiro

We examine free orientation-reversing group actions on orientable handlebodies, and free actions on nonorientable handlebodies. A classification theorem is obtained, giving the equivalence classes and weak equivalence classes of free…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Antonio F. Costa , Darryl McCullough

We start by studying the distribution of (cyclically reduced) elements of the free groups Fn with respect to their abelianization (or equivalently, their integer homology class. We derive an explicit generating function, and a limiting…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2011-06-30 Igor Rivin

This is a survey of recent progress in several areas of combinatorial algebra. We consider combinatorial problems about free groups, polynomial algebras, free associative and Lie algebras. Our main idea is to study automorphisms and, more…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2016-09-07 Alexander A. Mikhalev , Vladimir Shpilrain , Jie-Tai Yu

We give a simple algorithm to solve the subgroup membership problem for virtually free groups. For a fixed virtually free group with a fixed generating set $X$, the subgroup membership problem is uniformly solvable in time $O(n\log^*(n))$…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-06-18 Sam Cookson , Nicholas Touikan

Indexed languages are a classical notion in formal language theory, which has attracted attention in recent decades due to its role in higher-order model checking: They are precisely the languages accepted by order-2 pushdown automata. The…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Richard Mandel , Corto Mascle , Georg Zetzsche

In this paper we construct free Hom-semigroups when its unary operation is multiplicative and is an involution. Our method of construction is by bracketed words. As a consequence, we obtain free Hom-associative algebras generated by a set…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2017-12-19 Li Guo , Shanghua Zheng

An m-endomorphism of a free semigroup is an endomorphism that sends every generator to a word of length at most m. Two m-endomorphisms are combinatorially equivalent if they are conjugate under an automorphism of the semigroup. In this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-06-08 Louis Rubin , Brian Rushton

We investigate replicable learning algorithms. Ideally, we would like to design algorithms that output the same canonical model over multiple runs, even when different runs observe a different set of samples from the unknown data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Peter Dixon , A. Pavan , Jason Vander Woude , N. V. Vinodchandran

Clans are combinatorial objects indexing the orbits of $GL(\mathbb{C}^p) \times GL(\mathbb{C}^q)$ on the variety of flags in $\mathbb{C}^{p+q}$. This geometry leads to a partial order on the set of clans analogous to weak Bruhat order on…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-06-15 Brian Burks , Brendan Pawlowski

We apply entropy agglomeration (EA), a recently introduced algorithm, to cluster the words of a literary text. EA is a greedy agglomerative procedure that minimizes projection entropy (PE), a function that can quantify the segmentedness of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-10-28 Işık Barış Fidaner , Ali Taylan Cemgil

Word groupings useful for language processing tasks are increasingly available, as thesauri appear on-line, and as distributional word clustering techniques improve. However, for many tasks, one is interested in relationships among word…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Philip Resnik

We define generalized de Bruijn words as those words having a Burrows-Wheeler transform that is a concatenation of permutations of the alphabet. We show that generalized de Bruijn words are in 1-to-1 correspondence with Hamiltonian cycles…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-30 Gabriele Fici , Estéban Gabory

Lyndon words are extensively studied in combinatorics on words -- they play a crucial role on upper bounding the number of runs a word can have [Bannai+, SIAM J. Comput.'17]. We can determine Lyndon words, factorize a word into Lyndon words…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Diptarama Hendrian , Dominik Köppl , Ryo Yoshinaka , Ayumi Shinohara

A flip-swap language is a set S of binary strings of length n such that $S \cup 0^n$ is closed under two operations (when applicable): (1) Flip the leftmost 1; and (2) Swap the leftmost 1 with the bit to its right. Flip-swap languages model…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-05-11 Joe Sawada , Aaron Williams , Dennis Wong

A group is nested if the centers of the irreducible characters form a chain. In this paper, we will show that there is a set of subgroups associated with the conjugacy classes of group so that a group is nested if and only if these…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2019-10-10 Shawn T. Burkett , Mark L. Lewis