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Low-order frequency response models for power systems have a decades-long history in optimization and control problems such as unit commitment, economic dispatch, and wide-area control. With a few exceptions, these models are built upon the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Marena Trujillo , Amir Sajadi , Bri-Mathias Hodge

This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jose A. Solano-Castellanos , Hassan Haes Alhelou , Ali T. Al- Awami , Mohannad Alkhraijah , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

We consider the problem of distributed secondary frequency regulation in power networks such that stability and an optimal power allocation are attained. This is a problem that has been widely studied in the literature, and two main control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-12 Andreas Kasis , Nima Monshizadeh , Ioannis Lestas

Conventional inertia control strategies (i.e., the VSG-based and PD-based strategies) for the fast frequency regulation resources (FFRs) might lead to system oscillations due to their emulations of generator dynamics. The only-droop-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-02 Ye Liu , Chen Shen

In this paper, a model reference control based inertia emulation strategy is proposed. Desired inertia can be precisely emulated through this control strategy so that guaranteed performance is ensured. A typical frequency response model…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Yichen Zhang , Alexander Melin , Seddik Djouadi , Mohammed Olama

This paper presents a novel frequency-responsive control scheme for demand-side resources, such as electric water heaters. A frequency-dependent control law is designed to provide damping from distributed energy resources (DERs) in a fully…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-14 Hani Mavalizadeh , Luis A. Duffaut Espinosa , Mads R. Almassalkhi

Due to the rise of distributed energy resources, the control of networks of grid-forming inverters is now a pressing issue for power system operation. Droop control is a popular control strategy in the literature for frequency control of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-08 Kevin D. Smith , Saber Jafarpour , Francesco Bullo

In this paper, we present a data-driven secondary controller for regulating to some desired values several variables of interest in a power system, namely, electrical frequency, voltage magnitudes at critical buses, and active power flows…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-04 Madi Zholbaryssov , Alejandro D. Dominguez-Garcia

This paper presents a novel Dynam-i-c Droop (iDroop) control mechanism to perform primary frequency control with gird-connected inverters that improves the network dynamic performance. The work is motivated by the dynamic degradation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-12-20 Enrique Mallada

In this paper, low-order models of the frequency and voltage response of mixed-generation, low-inertia systems are presented. These models are unique in their ability to efficiently and accurately model frequency and voltage dynamics…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-07 Marena Trujillo , Amir Sajadi , Jonathan Shaw , Bri-Mathias Hodge

This paper presents a distributed frequency control method for power grids with high penetration of inverter-connected resources under low and time-varying inertia due to renewable energy (RE). We provide a distributed virtual inertia (VI)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-20 Manasa Muralidharan , Jan Kleissl , Patricia Hidalgo-Gonzalez

With the explosion of distributed energy resources (DERs), voltage regulation in distribution networks has been facing a great challenge. This paper derives an asynchronous distributed voltage control strategy based on the partial…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-20 Zhaojian Wang , Feng Liu , Yifan Su , Boyu Qin

This paper addresses the distributed optimal frequency control of power systems considering a network-preserving model with nonlinear power flows and excitation voltage dynamics. Salient features of the proposed distributed control strategy…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-02-14 Zhaojian Wang , Feng Liu , John Z. F. Pang , Steven Low , Shengwei Mei

We consider frequency control of synchronous generator networks and study transient performance under both primary and secondary frequency control. We model random step changes in power loads and evaluate performance in terms of expected…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-09-27 Martin Andreasson , Emma Tegling , Henrik Sandberg , Karl H. Johansson

This work provides a design method for achieving a specified level of stability for inverter-based interconnected distributed generation. The stability of parallel connected distributed energy resources determined from a linearized…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Mahmood Saadeh , Roy McCann

This study proposes a real-time distributed energy resource (DER) coordination model that can exploit flexibility from the DERs to solve voltage and overloading issues using both active and reactive power. The model considers time-coupling…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-07 Sen Zhan , Johan Morren , Wouter van den Akker , Anne van der Molen , Han Slootweg

Rotational inertia is stabilizing the frequency of electric power systems against small and large disturbances, but it is also the cause for oscillations between generators. As more and more conventional generators are replaced by renewable…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-10 Theodor Borsche , Florian Dörfler

Deviations of grid frequency from the nominal frequency are an indicator of the global imbalance between genera- tion and load. Two types of control, a distributed propor- tional control and a centralized integral control, are cur- rently…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2012-11-20 Krishnamurthy Dvijotham , Michael Chertkov , Scott Backhaus

Community microgrids are developed within existing power systems by integrating local distributed energy resources (DERs). So power distribution systems can be seamlessly partitioned into community microgrids and end-users could be largely…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-08-04 Chen Yuan , Guangyi Liu , Zhiwei Wang , Xi Chen , Mahesh S. Illindala

A widely embraced approach to mitigate the dynamic degradation in low-inertia power systems is to mimic generation response using grid-connected inverters to restore the grid's stiffness. In this paper, we seek to challenge this approach…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-30 Yan Jiang , Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada