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Randomness is an indispensable resource in modern science and information technology. Fortunately, an experimentally simple procedure exists to generate randomness with well-characterized devices: measuring a quantum system in a basis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Le Phuc Thinh , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Eduardo Martin-Martinez

The generation of random numbers is a task of paramount importance in modern science. A central problem for both classical and quantum randomness generation is to estimate the entropy of the data generated by a given device. Here we present…

According to quantum theory, the outcomes obtained by measuring an entangled state necessarily exhibit some randomness if they violate a Bell inequality. In particular, a maximal violation of the CHSH inequality guarantees that 1.23 bits of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-23 Antonio Acin , Serge Massar , Stefano Pironio

In recent decades, quantum technologies have made significant strides toward achieving quantum utility. However, practical applications are hindered by challenges related to scaling the number of qubits and the depth of circuits. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-01 Pingal Pratyush Nath , Aninda Sinha , Urbasi Sinha

Quantum entanglement represents an ideal resource to guarantee the security of random numbers employed in many scientific and cryptographic applications. However, entanglement-based certified random number generators are particularly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-07 Nicolò Leone , Stefano Azzini , Sonia Mazzucchi , Valter Moretti , Lorenzo Pavesi

A hypothetical photon mass, $m_{\gamma}$, can produce a frequency-dependent vacuum dispersion of light, which leads to an additional time delay between photons with different frequencies when they propagate through a fixed distance. The…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-29 Jing-Yu Ran , Bao Wang , Jun-Jie Wei

We investigate how much randomness can be extracted from a generic partially entangled pure state of two qubits in a device-independent setting, where a Bell test is used to certify the correct functioning of the apparatus. For any such…

A Bell test is a randomized trial that compares experimental observations against the philosophical worldview of local realism. A Bell test requires spatially distributed entanglement, fast and high-efficiency detection and unpredictable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-12 The BIG Bell Test Collaboration , C. Abellán , A. Acín , A. Alarcón , O. Alibart , C. K. Andersen , F. Andreoli , A. Beckert , F. A. Beduini , A. Bendersky , M. Bentivegna , P. Bierhorst , D. Burchardt , A. Cabello , J. Cariñe , S. Carrasco , G. Carvacho , D. Cavalcanti , R. Chaves , J. Cortés-Vega , A. Cuevas , A. Delgado , H. de Riedmatten , C. Eichler , P. Farrera , J. Fuenzalida , M. García-Matos , R. Garthoff , S. Gasparinetti , T. Gerrits , F. Ghafari Jouneghani , S. Glancy , E. S. Gómez , P. González , J. -Y. Guan , J. Handsteiner , J. Heinsoo , G. Heinze , A. Hirschmann , O. Jiménez , F. Kaiser , E. Knill , L. T. Knoll , S. Krinner , P. Kurpiers , M. A. Larotonda , J. -Å. Larsson , A. Lenhard , H. Li , M. -H. Li , G. Lima , B. Liu , Y. Liu , I. H. López Grande , T. Lunghi , X. Ma , O. S. Magaña-Loaiza , P. Magnard , A. Magnoni , M. Martí-Prieto , D. Martínez , P. Mataloni , A. Mattar , M. Mazzera , R. P. Mirin , M. W. Mitchell , S. Nam , M. Oppliger , J. -W. Pan , R. B. Patel , G. J. Pryde , D. Rauch , K. Redeker , D. Rieländer , M. Ringbauer , T. Roberson , W. Rosenfeld , Y. Salathé , L. Santodonato , G. Sauder , T. Scheidl , C. T. Schmiegelow , F. Sciarrino , A. Seri , L. K. Shalm , S. -C. Shi , S. Slussarenko , M. J. Stevens , S. Tanzilli , F. Toledo , J. Tura , R. Ursin , P. Vergyris , V. B. Verma , T. Walter , A. Wallraff , Z. Wang , H. Weinfurter , M. M. Weston , A. G. White , C. Wu , G. B. Xavier , L. You , X. Yuan , A. Zeilinger , Q. Zhang , W. Zhang , J. Zhong

Random number has many applications, it plays an important role in quantum information processing. It's not difficult to generate true random numbers, the main difficulty is how to certify the random numbers generated by untrusted devices.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-20 Xing Chen

Correlations that cannot be reproduced with local variables certify the generation of private randomness. Usually, the violation of a Bell inequality is used to quantify the amount of randomness produced. Here, we show how private…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-16 Jean-Daniel Bancal , Lana Sheridan , Valerio Scarani

The generation of random numbers via quantum processes is an efficient and reliable method to obtain true indeterministic random numbers that are of vital importance to cryptographic communication and large-scale computer modeling. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 J. Y. Haw , S. M. Assad , A. M. Lance , N. H. Y. Ng , V. Sharma , P. K. Lam , T. Symul

We present a simple approach to realize truly random number generation based on measurement of the phase noise of a single mode vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). The true randomness of the quantum phase noise originates from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Hong Guo , Wenzhuo Tang , Yu Liu , Wei Wei

Random numbers are a fundamental ingredient for many applications including simulation, modelling and cryptography. Sound random numbers should be independent and uniformly distributed. Moreover, for cryptographic applications they should…

The field of device-independent quantum cryptography has seen enormous success in the past several years, including security proofs for key distribution and random number generation that account for arbitrary imperfections in the devices…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-11 Carl A. Miller

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) harness the intrinsic randomness in measurement processes: the measurement outputs are truly random given the input state is a superposition of the eigenstates of the measurement operators. In the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-29 Bing Qi

Classical optical interferometery requires maintaining live, phase-stable links between telescope stations. This requirement greatly adds to the cost of extending to long baseline separations, and limits on baselines will in turn limit the…

The question of ``non-locality of a single photon'', which started with a paper by Tan, Walls and Collett (TWC, 1991) stirred a thirty years long debate. This hampered attempts to use the TWC interferometric scheme in quantum cryptography.…

Pulsars exhibit signals with precise inter-arrival times that are on the order of milliseconds to seconds, depending on the individual pulsar. There are subtle variations in the timing of pulsar signals. We show that these variations can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Hayder Tirmazi

The spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), an inherently random quantum process, produces a non-deterministic photon-pair with strong temporal and spatial correlations owing to both energy and momentum conservation. Therefore, the…

We propose a new approach to nondeterministic random number generation. In theory, the randomness originated from the uncorrelated nature of consecutive laser pulses with Poissonian photon number distribution and that of the consecutive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Wei Wei , Hong Guo